Figure Page 



1 Track chart of the USS CACOPAN and the 

 USS HENDERSON in the antarctic on 



Operation HIGHJUMP 6 



2 Positions of the bathythermograms taken in 



liSt Of illUStratiOnS the antaTCtic on Operation HIGHJUMP 7 



3 Positions of oceanographic samples and measure- 

 ments taken from the USS HENDERSON and the 



USS CACOPAN on Operation HIGHJUMP 7 



4 Schematic representation of the development of 

 temperature gradients in the antarctic 10 



5 Vertical temperature structure, type W-l 13 



6 Vertical temperature structure, typeS-1 13 



7 Vertical temperature structure, type S-1A ... . 14 



8 Vertical temperature structure, typeS-2 14 



9 Vertical temperature structure, typeS-3 16 



10 Vertical temperature structure, type S-3 16 



11 Average vertical temperature structures 18 



12 Sea surface isotherms 23 



13 Schematic representation of sea surface temp- 

 erature section across the Antarctic 



rgence 



26 



14 Surface temperature sections across the Ant- 

 arctic Convergence 27 



15 Vertical temperature sections across the 

 Antarctic Convergence 30 



16 Vertical temperature sections across the 

 Antarctic Convergence 32 



17 Schematic representation of mass field in the sea 34 



18 Contours of layer depth as an indication of 



surface currents 34 



19 Internal waves . . . 37 



20 Location of hydrographic stations 3 8 



21 Vertical thermal structure at hydrographic stations 41 



22 Vertical salinity structure at hydrographic stations 43 



23 Temperature-salinity relation at hydrographic 

 stations 45 



24 Vertical distribution of tr t at hydrographic stations 45 



25 Buoyancy change between 50 feet and depths to 



500 feet 46 



26 Portion of a typical "youthful" tabular antarctic 

 iceberg 50 



27 View of a typical pyramidy iceberg 50 



28 Newly formed pads of pancake sea ice 52 



29 Fathometer bottom trace of four Pacific seamounts 56 

 3 Fathograms showing a southwest Pacific sea- 56 



mount, the Easter Island Swell, and the conti- 

 nental slope of south Australia 56 



31 Fathograms of two antarctic sea floor 

 escarpments 56 



32 Fathogram of the continental slope of Antarctica 



near the Mackenzie Sea 56 



33 Vertical air photo showing a portion of Bungar's 

 Oasis 62 



34 Oblique air photo of Bungar's Oasis 65 



35 Three Adelie penguins captured from an ice floe . 66 



36 Seal captured from' an ice floe 69 



37 Chart showing marine plankton diatoms identified 

 from water samples collected during Operation 

 HIGHJUMP 70 



38 Photographs of slicks in the antarctic and in 



San Diego harbor 79 



39 Map of the Pacific Ocean showing the distribution 

 of the deep scattering layer along the -tracks 



of the USS HENDERSON and the USS NEREUS. . . 84 



40 Fathograms showing the daytime development of 



the deep scattering layer 84 



41 Development of the deep scattering layer in the 

 North Pacific 86 



