V Mean square voltage 

 ms 



V Root-mean- square voltage 

 rms ^ " 



V Peak voltage 



A£ Bandwidth of filter, cycles/sec 



Af Effective bandwidth of filter 

 a 



$ Mean total energy in spectrum 



$(a)g) Spectral density 



CO Frequency of carrier signal 



(a Frequency of modulating signal 



(a Frequency of encounter, radians/sec 



