STATfiN ISLAND, 1057 by the AlKA, and 984 by the NORTHWIND. The 

 ARNEB obtained 290 records, the WYANDOT 155, and the BROUGH 154. 

 These bathythermograph records vdth associated meteorological data 

 are processed by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, retained on file, 

 and copies distributed to interested activities. 



Meteorological observations were made and recorded hourly by 

 enlisted aerographers assigned to each icebreaker. These data are on 

 file at the National Weather Records Center, Ashville, North Carolina, 

 In addition, selected meteorological data are recorded as an integral 

 part of the oceanographic station record and each bathythermograph 

 observation. These data include, in addition to the standard meteor- 

 ological data, sea surface temperature and sea and swell data. 



Direct ice observations were made aboard all icebreakers, recording 

 thickness, age, and type. These observations were made by either 

 quartermasters at hourly intervals, or by aerographers at 3-ho\u: 

 intervals,, Observations were controlled and supplemented by the 

 oceanographers aboard. Photographs of ice conditions and other aspects 

 of oceanographic operations in the Antarctic are presented in Annex C, 



Bottom sampling was undertaken in all areas of interest whenever 

 possible, A total of 43 samples was obtained d\aring this operation; 

 40 from the Antarctic Continental Shelf, one on the continental slope 

 in the Weddell Sea, and two in the New Zealand area. The analyses of 

 these data are listed in Annex B. 



Transparency and color estimates were made during oceanographic 

 stations, and under daylight conditions. The transparency of the 

 sea water was estimated through the use of a white (Secchi) disc, 30 cm. 

 in diajneter. This disc was lowered into the water until it disappeared 

 from sight. The depth of the point of disappearance was then measured 

 in meters and recorded. On the STATEN ISLAND and ATKA, a black 30 cm, 

 disc was also used; however, these data do not appear in the data 

 listings (Annex A), but can be found in the original data on file in 

 the Hydrographic Office, Transparency estimates using the Secchi 

 disc are influenced by the available light, the visual acuity of the 

 observer, and wind disturbances on the water surface. Thus the 

 observations should be considered general in nature, and of predominate 

 interest for their gross relative value. Vfeter color estimates were 

 made visually by comparison between the sea water color and a Forel 

 color scale. As this scale only covers the blue-green-yellow color 

 range, its use is limited. In addition, the color perception of the 

 observer, the depth of water, the light available, the amount of cloud 

 cover, and wind disturbances on the water surface are other factors 

 decreasing the accuracy of the observations. Hov/ever, despite these 

 limitations, color observations have some relative value. 



Continuous temperature records of both sea surface and air were 

 obtained aboard three of the icebreakers. The GUCIER, NORTHWIND, 

 and STATEN ISLAND were equipped with balanced, recording potentiometers, 

 each connected with several thermistors. One therraistor was held 



