D. Continuous Temperature Recordings 



The GLACIER commenced recording sea surface and air temperatures 

 while off Cuba, and continued such records almost without interruption 

 until just before the pack was reached. The GLACIER again recorded 

 sirrface water temperatures on the northern trip to New Zealand in November, 

 and on the return trip in December, Recording of water temperature was 

 also accomplished across the Pacific from New Zealand to Callao, Peru 

 and north to Panama and Boston. An interesting trace was obtained when 

 the GLACIER crossed the Gulf Stream and again when the continental slope 

 of North Ainerica was reached. 



Analysis of the GLACIER' s continuous temperature records show that 

 in the Caribbean and tropical areas, the air temperatures five feet 

 above the water surface averaged one to two degrees lovier than the 

 water temperatures. This probably resulted from cooling by evaporation. 

 Simultaneous vrelldeck temperatures were slightly higher than either 

 the water or the air irruiiediately above the water, and on occasion they 

 were considerably higher. 



South of about 40°Sj the air immediately above the water averaged 

 slightly warmer than the water itself, and the welldeck temperatiires 

 were the coolest. 



Because of installation failure and early encounter with the pack-ice, 

 the sea water element was not used aboard the STATETJ ISLAND until moored 

 along the Filchner Shelf in the Weddell Sea. Water temperatures remained 

 relatively steady (betvreen -1.0° and -2.0°C) as the element was actually 

 under newly formed ice. Air temperatures were variable, but were generally 

 well below 0°C. After departing from pack ice areas enroute northward, 

 the sea element recorded temperatures varying around 0°C, and gradually 

 reaching around 5»0°C. A three-degree rise (6.0° to 9.0°C) within two 

 hours steaming (about 30 nautical miles) marked the Antarctic Convergence. 

 The position and description of the convergence is described under 

 "Bathythermograph Observations" in this report. 



The NORTHWIND began taking continuous records of surface and air 

 temperature upon departure from Hawaii, and except for periods of 

 mechanical breakdown of equipment or traverse of ice-covered areas 

 records were made during two passages from New Zealand to the Antarctic 

 and during operations in the Ross Sea area. Data collected agreed in 

 general with those of the GL1CIER for the Antarctic, but damage to the 

 sea water resistance thermometer from contact with ice render an absolute 

 analysis of the data impractical. 



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