polai'ity " could be stated to exist, ^\■llatevel■ miii"ht be the case 

 in the lo\ver marine animals. ]\Ir. Sclater exhibited a list 

 (see p. xlii) in uhich tlie bii'ds of Arctica^ as represented by 

 the known birds of Franz Josef Land {cf. Ibis^ 1898, p. 249), 

 Avere contrasted in parallel columns M-itb tliose of Antarctica 

 [cf. Ibis, 1894, p. 494), and pointed out that not only -^^'ere 

 all the Species different, bat nearly all the Genera and most 

 of the Families and Orders. Tlu'ee species of Passeres were 

 found in Arctica, Avhereas not one was known from Ant- 

 arctica, although thei'e were vague rumours about a Corvvs 

 having been seen thei'e. An Owl and a liawk were found 

 in Arctica, but no Accipitres had yet been met -with in 

 Antarctica. At least tvro species of Anseres were found in 

 Arctica, but there were only uncertain reports of a Goose of 

 some kind in Antarctica. Three species of Tringoid Limicola 

 occurred in Arctica, whereas in Antarctica only the Sheath- 

 bill {Chionis), belonging to a peculiar Antarctic Family, was 

 known. Among the Gaviae the correspondence Avas better, 

 as the genera Sterna, Larus, and Stercorarius were repre- 

 sented in both the Polar Extremities, but the'species \i-erein 

 every ca.se difl'erent. The order of Tubinares was essentially 

 Antarctic, at least ten species having been met with in 

 Antarctica, whereas in the Arctic regions Fuhnarus glacialis 

 was the sole representative of the group. On the other hand, 

 when we came to the Pygo'podes, which were essentially an 

 Arctic group, three sjDecies were amongst the more abundant 

 of birds in the Arctic regions, and a fourth had occasionally 

 been met with, but not a single form of this group was found 

 in Antarctica. Descending to the Irnpennts, at the bottom 

 of the list, we came again to an essentially Antarctic group, 

 which was absolutely unknown in the Arctic regions, but was 

 v.ell represented by multitudinous individuals of at least 

 four species in Antarctica. 



The facts, therefore, as regards Arctic and Antarctic birds 

 might 'be shortly summarized by stating that no two Avi- 

 faunas could be more essentially different, not a single species 

 being identical, and only three genera out of seventeen, 



