CONTENTS 



Page 

 I. INTRODUCTION 



A. Historical . 1 



B. Ice Conditions 2 



C. Establishing the Icehole Station ..... 2 



II. FIELD METHODS 



A. Equipment 13 



B. Water Samples . . 20 



C. Dissolved Oxygen and Salinity 20 



D. Transparency 22 



E. Current and Biological Observations .. 22 



F. Bottom Samples 22 



G. Meteorology 22 



III. FIELD PROBLEMS 24 



IV. LABORATORY METHODS 



A. Dissolved Oxygen 28 



B. Salinity 28 



C. Conductivity and pH 28 



V. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 30 



A. Temperature 30 



B. Salinity 40 



C. Density 48 



D. Sound Velocity 48 



E. Dissolved Oxygen ......... . 55 



F. Conductivity and pH . . . . . 56 



G. Transparency 64 



H. Currents 64 



VI. GEOLOGY 81 



VII. BIOLOGY 86 



VIII. METEOROLOGY 87 



IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 91 



X. REFERENCES 93 



