8—1850.] 
THE AGRICUETURAL GAZETTE. 
plants, but likewise to the roots of plants 9 —— 8 
eminent chemists have shown that oxygen n and 
ts pores, from th 
the air is in fact — in after the water, as the latter 
passes s downwar 
one of the wors st ——— eme heat with 
and the 
ni pie an inerease o 
e surface org — 
2— if it be still aea 
h — 
y the —.— of ery currents 
r from r the — at night. In aw 
soil the spaces between the particles of soil are 
free from water, > — is al absorbed in the par- 
prs: so that the porosity. arm air 
eulates freely in k the — one though —— at 
may proceed more 8 than on 
n leaves the surface 
- | remove, 
rains, o 
well dee 
t dra 
ere 
dere ena aie corn and 
er, Mee fe neous 
AE ee. first naps con eee upon the soil is the 
if i moved to a warmer a and 
rooted 1 — fail 
in the subsoil, or the presence 
of some noxious ingredient greg — drains bape 
repel the deseent of the roots, forcing 
nouris — . the surface ares yea y. 
re the subsoil is sound and d * and 
Flax will — their 
heir n 
the 
eper the drains, therefore, provided the water have 
still a ready escape, the greater the depth of soil which 
is rendered available for — purposes of vegetable 
nutrition 
— of — practical benefits derived from under- 
ing m seen in ~~ improvements it 9 on 
alay Tae aaa others of a close wet nature. 
an 
iik: 
pastur t th 
for the cause — — mise 
passe art — do 
refore 
r of — r already i — 
not cuneate nd gape into wi q and: t 
the cultivators of wet soils — — h — 
ry d 
from evaporating, P a being — way. — as mueh 
mpera soil as 
to the te 
ough which it has 
warms “the soil 
also when the 
rain 
air thro 
— 
comes sensibly warmed by th 
hotter soil, and — to the subsoil with this — 
imparting t 
leaves — the free exercise 
needful to the health and growth of the plant. 
the | certa 
n water is: usually of the 
and lo 
sses. — 
— the — — the rain itself, when it pe 
be 
te by a temporary remedy an 2 — is — 
El Seasly incurred. The reason why a 
” ig that it is so compact in Le as — 
tm from 2 it 1 wa 
continual ploughings 
dened earth below the srface 2 3 pine im- 
to water, t e farmer’s best 
ater 
This is slight indeed, at first, owing to the tenacity and 
adhesiveness 8 the ground ; But on action having bee 
b the very 
z% 
iii 
123 
ee very little has been executed on æ æ thoroughly 
omplete costly a pos wed 3 of this 
the — width, w. 
tl y- 
erack a dried by the drought yr i 
; —— replaced by fres 
the i 1 rious properties wt the | dee be being — 
e 0 
water from their fields during the winter, rather than | injured by the tread 
art tending to 
the: went — 
its former — 
oe — — — müde y; prani it could bring to ——— may be omen Long Sutton, 
— 2 3 and 4 more e cro By where e ards of 230 — Di dem an — and pasture 
aid of go d drain e permanen pr e of land have been hollow drained 
y 5 — 3 — — of th The soil is an alluvial loam, with a subsoil of stiff loam: 
crops in spring and the lateness of the ests a clay fr to 3 feet in „ Testing upon 
frequently complain e the fol- The ploughed land was drained, part with thorns, the 
lowing example: “ In consequence of the drainage that | rest with tiles and pipes ; and the was done, one 
has taken place in the parish of Peter e, in ee — oe tiles and pipes, the other w i 
deenshire, during the last 20 the crops arrive a The s are laid from 24 to 30 inches in depth, 
maturity 10 or 14 ae sooner than they formerly — „ aa —. s apart in us following 
e j +o Journ., 1830.) On the course of the old hollows ; so that while the depth 
val of the oy aoe water is equivalent t as great as mai i outfall will allow, 
=| deepen g of the Akara ep roo the intervals between might have been made only 
without occasioning unap 
However; the ee ee is satisfied that the ex. 
in a few years, by the numerous 
oe the as improvements which have been: 
— one is 3 the Grass is 
ss — — the — pos- 
a laxative —— to such a degree as to 
— it unfit for food, varie f for young stock 
as is evidenced by their looseness and à The 
growth and increase of the i 
lu — in such saline , and the > veges 
— — — kinds prevented by the 
us water in = soil. But 
— of saline matter mpure water 
being —— — -E “ve the — 
corre d more nutritio asture, for- 
meny v — wet, is now comparatively a nag that the 
ess Bents and Rush G succeeded 
— ‘finer varieties 
0 
produce those diseases w 
young cattle 3 3 subject to, viz., in 
foot-halt, an 
As to me —— land, it will be almost sufficient. to- 
the soil, even in very low situations, quickly dries, while 
the surrounding undrained lands still continue, for a 
wet. In the 
was able to work, 
a field that, in 
— aeg was very wet and some- 
times had standing water upon various parts of it— 
— — others could venture upon their 
the Beans were 
thoroughly 
spring of 1428 the oecupier was 
— seed, and sow with 
A pe 101 
to the growth of The roots rb nearly al ce rm holes land; and in harvested: 
their food in a fluid state, which food consists of various | wears — a passage for presi continually in- | and 1 Ponca by the second week in September. 
chemical ingredients, form a great measure by the | creasing the porosity of the soil. The benefit on such wet soils, wW rape-dust, nitrate of- 
p of pu tion, and soluble by the water held | lands, therefore, is not immediate ; indeed, such is the oth are almost 
by the soil, so tha is absolutely necessary for | closeness of texture that, on one hollow-drained field in | away; it is t e superior dryness of the 
supporting their existen then the nee of a a clay district of sn i ens, the water during the i lands that the uncommon success: of such 
large quantity of water in soil alters the result of pu rainy s ink through until a spade was| manures on this farm ag be ati 
faction, by whieh alteration substances are formed | thrust down a considerable depth at various intervals | crops are remarkably heavy, greatly 
which are in all bab less to plants, and along the eourse of ins. owing to the — inary — ph leer for working 
diminishes the proportion of more useful ingredients. This diffieulty, e may y work- the fallows after heavy downfalls, by the rapid drying 
Again, the roots of — have been prov grow | ing plough at right angles to the direction of | of the land. i 
by their ends only, and th unctions belonging to them the drains ; this, by stirr subsoil to depth of | Under s dly . 
those of ion — excretion. The spongioles 15 or 20 inches, brea w = grain crops, cold, damp, salty moisture, cr 
of the roo nstantly presented with iously — aan an impenetrable barrier between oak!) whieh oozes from the silt, : E 
food; and while the soil continues merely moist, the | and sodden surface ~ drains beneath; away by the ; and in consequence, much 
exereted matters, a d to be in- when thus readily freed from the constant nagy mas of less Wheat-straw is produced of a flaggy, fungous~ 
jurious to plants, will be left behind. here | water, the soil gradually becomes 2 sweeter, looser, bearing character ; it is shorter, er, less liable to 
an excess of water 5 the soil, all the soluble matter and more friable. The hard lumps of the “stiff clay be * laid,” and po more of that ne whieh. 
must be continually descending, on t — land more or less disappear. It erum bles more freely, | unquestionably diminishes its tendeney to mildew. Now 
greater specifie gravity of the solution, and all e the low places ws are relieved of their 
tions of plants being at soluble in water, it follows more > easily and econ omically sm “These are prac- | wetness, the corn is less piin one equally over- 
that iti wi e ming benefits, spinat a change im the soil; and all the ; and cold damp plots, whi brought only 
with the food and applied directly to the spongiole. xperience es that r on clays i ig a failing seanty produce, are now abun- 
Where there is an excess of water, eur- equivalent to a of climate, for on such dantly, like the higher portions of the fields. 
rents produced ing the heat of summer, at the well a for Wheat, wet weather in the autumn . these pal ts, there is not the slightest doubt. 
od when vegetation should be most active, be utly votards or: completely prevents the sowing that, as a dry is invariably fo best for Wheat, 
y from upwards, and will pare corn, compelling the farmer to change his the extra dryness of soil caused by g con- 
that the roots of the plants, instead of being sup- om of other , if the | duces to a fuller development of the ear, and a corre- 
plied with water ed with all the valuable gases of weather permit him, when the spring comes round; 
© atmosphere, will be bathed in water which has but an effici ies off the water so rapi 
existed so long in the soil that it has lost all these as to bring the land into a worka soon after the 
valuable i and is, moreover, charged with has It is upon clay land that 
exerementitious matter: when the land is wel ges be from under- ing; but 
ined, the eurrents of water (and these are the more as efficiency of drains such stiff i pervious | fi 
fertilising for e ; from | soil is generally, though unwisely, doubted in this. di dis- 
surface to the drains, and conse- | triet, com ar mI Sm little has been hitherto done. when 
quentlyin th ppli ërated water. peaty soi raining has produced in- 
etness of soil has also effect—it influences ts. Thee black land” is reeumbent upon 
the vari vegetable nutrition w clay, and asit is of a light spongy nature, with a 
occur above the ground, deri of alm ter-tight soil is continually 
ugh the rate of evaporation a rated i The water thus held stagnant in 
Wet soil is much slower than from a moist soil, owing to | the peat a noxious corrosive quality; and 
of exposed to action of | whenever the roots of cultivated crops penetrate down 
the air in the latter, it is constant, and this produces a to it, the plants receive material i turning yellow 
continual dampness in the atmosphere. This excess of and sickly. Hollow drains speedily remove this dele- 
Moisture in a peeuli: anner upon the leaves ious and by drying the porous mass, produce | 
plants, hindering the absorption of carbonic acid consolidation of its substance which 
P so prevent- are necessary for the successful ation of grain | 
ing in a great measure „ erops on moory soi 
soil, 
On — tar pein ieiel hte 
