_15—1850.] THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. j 235 
ties for acquiring the ordinary branches of educa- diam ves a greater leverage, and conse ev e es 
— very considerable throughout the whole of —— T powon although the nina fall * ER all event, one a v ery far above “ Suspicion? . F. se 
Scotland, t e the sam To a person who could superintend the | Barn Gloucester, April 2. [Many 3 
from ‘oe , cireumstance that several large hogan have fixing of the machinery, it would not be very ee your ee want ae the cordial goodwill which our 
— been left for — nal purposes in these coun- A common straw cutter and threshing machine on the | object has in so many places elici elicited, we have no 8 
hese are cient to raise the salary of the ground floor, attached to the water wheel, one on each | of its attainment. 
we cr ras to a — considerable amount (compara- side, by spur or bevel gear, and giving to each the Evils i pe 3 has been said and written 
tively), soos ram of fees; and . allowance to requisite speed in the diameter of the wheels; a pair | respectin so t misery in Ireland; 
schoolm: ing i iti 
gradua * 
number of his pupils, and their — in the dif- by the upper side of the spur wheel, on the axis of the | discord of contending parties in bygone times. hat 
ferent branches taught, the interest of the teacher ——— water wheel; thus each can be worked opas y a blessing it would have been, if even only a tenth part 
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y small fees from the pupils, aided generally by sala- nt pele n the difficulties of the times, I have | disputes, and — to the poet’s remonstrance : 
ries of small amount from the landlords, occasionally | retired from agricultural pursuits ; but A ting to be hat signifies for folks to chide, 
by bequests, and by grants from the funds of the Scotch | a mere idle looker-on, I wish to make myself useful by At what's begn done before z them, 
church. In addition to these, a great number of 3 writing a few remarks for the consideration of those le r er then be disposed to think more seriously, 
connected with other religious bodies, exist throughout who are busily engaged in the battle of life. Farmi ng much of their misery arose from them. 
the country, and are attended by a large proportion of in 1850 must be very different from what it was 50 —.— end might be remedied by their hes ale 
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With t apne = rs facilities, there is hardly a aes in three years, the third year having a dead and still continues to drive many landlords from 
labourer in ‘the north who has not learned at least to | fallow. Neither will it do to go on cultivating wet land; their home, and has prevented the growth or rise of 
read and write ; and the: nea —— who are quite | it must either be well drained or thrown out of cultiva- a trading or middle class to take the lead in arts and 
fit to undertake situations of 1 some considera ble trust | tion ; nor will it do to be satisfied with middling crops. | Sciences, as in Britain, Whatever else may be said 
d i e land must now be * — those 
ith „ Cc effe ry has all 
So much is this the case that the wages of an ordinary requisite that the farmer should have a large capital ; The middlemen — Tong d fo for Pr 400 to 1000 
-se i i he mu the grandfathers 
o induce him a ted in many instances 
of a — or overs and has charge of all the | security for remuneration, and payment for improve- © f the Present proprietors. It was not supposed that 
e., differ — a ie trifling extent; and there ment. The present time is a crisis, requirin g prompt they were to farm the whole themselves ; they let it 
o difficulty i in getting persons employed as ordinary | and judicious consideration, and the active energy of divided into 8 holdings, and may have a p rent 
labourers „fitted for a uch charge. land-agents and landowners as well as tenant-farmers. M or one 
ere are no allo — _expressly for the purpose of | Many of the latter are thinking of emigrating, as they | quently the middleman fattens between the tenant and 
55 ting 8 in the district ; but there are reckon it a hopeless task to endeavour to compete with | landlord, and assumes the name of gen 
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before referred to have, of late gon introduced | they are bound to protect. ze therefore, the owners of | and give ent to them to improve their 
labourers from different quarters more migratory | land would avert the e ad agra ams of having land, while these str. struggle to hold _ to the end of the 
habits, who will no doubt el ‘his locality as work | their faing thrown i conditicn, and then 
mes less plenty here, or more abundant elsewhere. | cast upon them dif ae ould deprecate the abduc- or pig. Much misery and evil will arise from this grind- 
The number ped e ese labourers, however, is compara- | tion of f capital, si Ps enterpr rise, which will other- | ing system, many murders recorded in the news- 
tively small, the great puoi bein ng, as mentioned, | wise fhem im * ely make such papers are those of middlemen slaughtered by their 
children of 2 tenan and they are them- W em pa pep Te ruinous consequences on tenants, acting under the notion that, when they 
selves less desirous of 3 K forward as | which 3 will poe a bring upon themselves per rid of them, they will be better off under the head 
labourers than, after some years of service, of settling | and this on. Corn-rents on tillage farms, the de- | landlord. Supposing that the latter returns home, with 
in crofts, and, in fact, of becoming little farmers. It | struction of * vermin called game, long or renewable | ® View of improving his property, by introducing a 
must be obvious that without adopting the Irish system | leases, with payment for all unexhausted improvements, | fresh tenants in room of the former ones, setting 
of subdivision, it would be impossible to make provision | and liberty to make the most of the land viii pa example in agriculture, and giving employment to the 
for settlements of this nature for any length of time. juring. but with every encouragement to impro people, he soon finds that he is disliked by the ejected 
The present tendency is rather to unite possessions and much as possible, appear to me to be the 8 tenantry, and is surrounded b; — AE misery, 
to give employment to the class referred to as labourers, requisites ; and with these, and pn moderate reduction of | and speedily quits the country, having previously ap- 
than to subdivide and convert them into cottars. Still rent, I hope sa British farmer may yet be spared ‘the pointed an agent, probably a lawyer, who seldom or 
sat progress has not been made in the work of con- pain of banishment from his native soil. An Old Farmer, never sees the property, but who is well qualified to serew 
Solidation, as may be seen from the — 2 ere ent: Logic and e ya —What a queer world is this up the tenantry. These soon become poor, and begin to 
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f 00 Q ra ts ej Gazette to elicit information on a subject, the people, who, under better management, might have 
ina only 1 tetant upwards of mportant at all times, but doubly important in times been comfortable, instead of being oppressed and 
Besides these, there are ee over the same pro- like the present; that of the iH . connection be- miserable. In general, however, the Irish tenantry 
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rents varying from 1s. to 208. yearly. These are for with a view mainly to the amelioration of the latter, but | from Nee “hand tied” by strict covenants like 
the most part persons who had settled at a former period | ultimately, perhaps, to the advantage of both. Amongst | on this si side of mo water. And what is strange, there is 
in unoccupied corners on hill sides, 1 ky. the foremost 92 ** opposition to inquiry on this interest- pws law in Ireland to prevent a tenant letting part of — 
authority and without any objection. The pra is ing question, certain scribe, who rejoices in the farm to another at least if there be it is a dead 
not now permitted, but the parties already ona pris se at en of ee Suspicion,” 2 more appropriate title he so that, by this means, many small tenants get upon land 
been allowed to continue, could not have hit upon), who puts forth a manifesto, opknown to the owner, and are 50 poor or S0 un. 
here are very few manufactures in any part of the by way of warning, to the cig rosa of the soil, how nan to pay any rent. ‘These are the great plague of 
north country, and in this 1 locality none. And although | they give the remotest sanction or encouragement to agents, who are often shot when endeavouring to 
there has for a e í time been, and still is good | the list of queries propounded by you, the very Guy payment for their master, who may be living in 1 
employment for labouring men high wages, women | Fawkes of free trade editors. In the eyes of “ Suspicion” | land or France, in needy a 
hay — Sometimes great difficulty in earning anything, the whole thing is a vile plot to undermine the agri- his agent, and he fleeces ve tenants, that could con- 
i i : ume r own 
ing and summ ne 4 
est season they can find plenty of workat the wages | ledge he has acquired, authorises him to pronounce it Wretched farms, the rent all that time leaving the 
1 i i ow much for the absentees. It n 
ibd persons aut or ter ; erfiuous to deseribe the reverse in other districts, 
An ost none indoors. In Scotland, system, both of protection and agriculture: terms super uous to describe the reverse in other distri 
waned persons ont of em ——.— in health, have which, in his — E are 2 completely where resident landlords manage their property in a 
no claim to parochial . aged and infirm | identical. One gentleman, who is and shall be better way, spending their incomes at home, and 
men the number on the poors this ee is very nameless, issues the very alarming mandate to those giving employment to the people. There 32 another 
inconsiderable, as compared with th the. aes r of infirm | who have received the list of queries, “Do not elass, called gentleman farmers ; these obtained their 
women, perhaps in 3 to their want of reply to them!” King Canute once issued a similar leases in times more troublesome than usual, for 
za 8 — James an , Hunt untly, Aber- command to the waves of the sea, not to come near his | Ireland has never seen other than troublesome times, 
depis — juty toes: but they did come notwithstanding, and like the middlemen ; but instead of 
oyal toes sı in consequence—and the | commenced off the small 
Home Correspondence ‘courtiers who advised the absurd decree were rebuked, | in their own hands, perhaps 1000 acres under pasturage, 
Water Wheels. <The experience I have hadi in water as they deserved to be, for a set of Fagnes and fools. | sending the produce of stock to the English market, A 
to hg So now. a wave akg roll i the e answers great portion of their other 
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of eourse must be caleulated from the quantity ¢ of the gravest importance both to the farmer and the produces very good G: during the few 
Water you have at command ; 3 or 4 feet wide will make | labourer. As one who d wit ipt | months ; and th 
aà very powerful wheel sufficient for Sd requirements — of 2 pigs A of your list of 1 I feel 22 bound to 
a considerable farm, to cu „ hay, gorse, and to I pursu the First, 1 
Suresi; , Crush O Oats. ts, Beans, &c. Ke. and « | churn 3 but all il these | pa to answer them adan . and og to multiply 2 
to work a threshing machin e will be sufficient. Light chance of contributing to success 
Water wheels of 8 and 9 feet ae 2 feet wide, Others, I have no doubt, would do the same, and you 
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10ʃ., fixing extra, and one 14 feet of the same material, as “ Suspici can. bring into the field. And I con- 
was made for 151. These answer for cutting gorse, | fidently say, "ai we may be sure of the co-operation 
Straw, &., and churning, and with a good supply of | and assistance of every real friend to the farmer, and | © rel 
2 turn a small threshing machine, but are not the welfare of the poor; and will not fail, in the end, to also supplies them with very inferior food. Besides, 
be recommended (the small ones). The greater | find that you have attained an object far more useful easy culture of Potato land has a great tenden 
