38—1850. | THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 603 
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reach animal. Thus, if the height from floor to ridge | climate, and the vicinity of good rerne” which enabled 1 4 resistance on each side, and continued fro 
~ 27 feet, and the number of cattle contained is 12, then that = of Scotland to take a lead in farming, and to | that poin to the muzzle or nozzle in the line of ai eg A 
12x12=to 144 square inches, or one square foot, is the | main a superiority so long over other 9 over the without — degree of attention to this, no plough ever 
i erture; a box or hole 12 inches =e will give | west of Scotian 1 where e , and did or ever will work well. The practice of yoki 
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the exit of the foul air, it will be better to divide this | wettest iad stiffest kin + but a introduction — beam to the right, to make the the a take up a position 
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is used, t the centre of roof, the foul air from inferior, near — chat of the Lothians, and in the end | even of k — . e with in England, possess 
either aud of the epar will ph to Ne N till the the value of the former may possibly not be much below the properties necessary to adapt them Ay Be work of 
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box will = Ar give half the area. Thus it might be sap- | as well as those naturally dry, and when this has been} Harrows for working hea vy tad should contain Sight 
posed that if a box 12 inches square, gives 144 sq. inches, done, the 11 of the heavier soils will be much | bulls, and consist of two fare only ; to make these 
one 6 inches square would give 72 or half, whereas it the greates act as one they should be firmly connected by iron — 
only gives the fourth, or 36 inches; so that four tubes The — w king too, so common in all parts of running across their whole breadth through the bulls 
of 6 in, square would be required to give an area equal to | England, suits the lighter’ soils, whereas it scarcely 135 jointed at the middle; the harrow will then accom- 
a box of 12 inches square. If the boxes are made | constitutes half culture on those which are firm and modate itself to the in inequalities of the ground, and at 
e, y way of computing the area of their ends heavy. The reason will be apparent to all who under- | the same time ing fro 
or section, is by multiplying the length of one of the | stand the A r of tillage, id the importance of a thus connected—its whole weight will be available to 
sides by itself; thus, a box 3 inches square has an area | suitable texture in the soil. Imperfect harrowing, and | prevent its being readily tossed up and down. The 
of 9 square inches; 4 of 16, 5 of 25, and so on, The the use of four or five 895 rses in line in the plough, also bulls should be 6 feet 1 to distribute the tines 
area of the fresh air apertures should be equal to that operate very injuriously upon “the heavy soils, whereas | effectually, and to impart that steadine ial to 
of the foul air their effects would scarcely be apparent on the lighter. | proper working. They should be furnished with five 
cold w eather, the great objection x ventilation of | The great object in the e management of stiff soil is to tines each, and placed 14 or 15 inches apart; they should 
stables i is the cold air admitted. Simple and inexpen- | keep it open, N bring all k minutest parts into ready | be drawn at that angle which is necessary to make the 
sive modes of heating are easily P available, and | contact wi and water, to test possible tines cover the whole of the land equally, without 
—— be adopted. On a future occasion we may | na depth. To * in this, ym working and great | omitting any part or following in the track of each other. 
ur readers with a few notes on the subject. B care in many respects is ne . The proper result | and the tines should be of sufficient length to preven 
THE MANAGEMENT OF HEAVY SOILS. soil 8 inches in depth might in all ¢ cases be procured, if be drawn by three horses, abreast, or by two as the 
Tue terms heavy often used in reference | the land were properly ridged ; this would be greatly | s i i i i 
to soils which, if thoreughly drained and well cultivated, | superior to the present depth of 3} inches or 4 inches, | ti 
wp merit a different 3 but for the purpose | but still it would eee eee especially for tap rooted | time it is advisabl e to harrow soon after ploughing ; A 
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green EtL or n n after thoro h| ) feet, its ‘tines should o only be five in number, they 
similar in m ow? which may ing, one w at least should be carried to ly in advance of each other, and the 
be thrown out will = generally applieabl e to them. depth of 12 inches, every clod within that depth oa 7587 or frame on which they are mounted should be of 
he improvemen Heng during the last few years in | be reduced as near as possible to a powder, by harrow- i C ) i 
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has on the whole been considerable ; many thousands of same time be mixed poche blended together. The surface | 43 —— broad. They should be long pointed, an 
acres have been thoroughly drained and brought under soil will not by this means be buried, it will still be points should be kept thin; that aira Ui eee under. 
a more perfect system of culture, nevertheless an in- av. — — — 4 with all all the ingredients it contains, 2 11 should be set ſorward ata considerable 
spection of the wet soils of d at the present ti d the new earth will be available, also, both chemically make them penetrate readily. 
—.— Sor ° at but little improvement or work of as ‘affording matter for the sustenance of the crop, an The advan age of a smooth 
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by this country in all that relates to art, seience, or may be ameliorated by being mixed with that on the point requiring much e eee than is ly 
civilisation. Many a adopt seer employ much 1 but duni it is not stiff at the above depth, | bestowed upon it, The ridges should not be less than 
labour, and direct it in accordance with the require- | It together by a wretched system of 14 eae bes at that width they should be raised nearly 
ments of the case; but after m every allowance alg ene bh dat it is not tenacious until reaching a a foo „ and Ee surface of each should 
or the large proportion of Grass land requiring little | depth of 13 or 14 inches, The subsoil below 12 inches | form el, . ae ot a circle: culture ial 
result i sta i i i inches, | then manure as benefici 
i h manage and the 57 as secure as they can bẹ without 
stacking and thatching. The latter is beara gi well | fit it for absorbing water readily from the upper soil ; | thoro aining; all be 
done, 3 better than in any part of Scotland, but the but as a general rule, no part of it should ever be affecte equall by the water falling on it, the surface 
gress of permanent improvements is alow and brought to ea surface. The tay should work not | wi nearly level for some ce on each side of | 
uncertain, and most of the operations of culture, such | less than 6 inches ae hgt time the soil is turned | the centre, and no part unduly exposed to drought, and 
as ploughing and harrowin: . are managed in a manner over; deeper ploughin at K period, the sides becoming steeper as they 74 the furrows 
which must ee oe short of the purpose st it is of ctuaparatively it managod at the new oct accelerate the ete th of 1 
intended. arth turned up is afterwards pulverised electa, and | as it increases in quan The Ree should EE 
1 the causes which a contributed to this state of N mixed with the A as well as exposed to | and clear, and of a =a A inclination in the bottom to 0 
need be said here, the chief cause is the powerful pe e of the sun durin the process, | conve, the Water away when collected. The conveni- 
— the want of proper relations between land- 14 this can only te done to advantage at the time of | ence of working requires that they should be straight 
and tenant. Little improyement can, as a general | green 2 or fallowing. and perfectly parallel to each other, and that the ridges 
rule, be 5 ntil better arrangements in this If green cropping, upon the heavy soils of England, | should all be of equal width; ridges once properly 
respect are made, having for their object the benefit of | were nd to four or five times its ts present limits, it formed should n 8 be altered either in shape or 
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standing on the subject does not universally prevail. | together more effectually than has ever been attempted | any time with Pky five, or even three horses in a line, | 
Industry and skill are the sources of wealth and before, but this can also be managed i in preparation for should pM aref 
propery» and it might be supposed that all concerned | green cropping ; in either reason than to 
oe be eady to en oy he their application, and to | be perfect, the first furrow giv en in spring should be | over or 7 
e iment nen but this 12 inches deep, whatever the 1 of the winter furrow sue l at all is a 
leadin Pe m oes hits, — — as yet to have been may have been; it may be given across if cireumstances may however be in 
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ture and proper Tvs 
The greatest drawbac ‘at present to the proper of the furrow should not exceed 6 or 7 ae that the | ducted with care, and avoi 
management of at least three-fourths of the soil of| draught may not be too great, and that every part of is not in condition; even yet cats should be ex- 
England, is the want of thorough draining; the rain | the earth to the above bei: Se y be stirred N 1 55 eluded when the ground is soft in winter, as they then 
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é ), and a abundance of riobag and harrowing | soon makes it ud firm, after it has been ploughed 
surface, and passing clearly away from thence, without may do all that is necessary afterwards. It should be or stirred. rolling, especially if the land is in 
being checked at any place; under such circumstances, observed that subs oR oF or ploughing to a greater depth | Grass, should e be attempted, unless absolutely | 
even the most skilful management would fail in pre- than 5 or 6 1 upon light land would be likely” to necessary to smoo e surface for cutting, and then a 
serving the crop from injury, or the soil, when stiff, prove injur light roller made of timber, and used when the soil is 
from being cemented together. To say that such soil 8 But how can sheet wil toa copa of 12 7 on not quite ot or soon after a slight shower has fallen, 
shoul e drai i i anaged ughs any e purpose ual ‘ 
occupiers should by this time lave been able to — | in line to them; the truth is, it cannot eA com- the co te ex fr 
take all labour necessary to its full fertility, and to plished by such means, but this 7 4 daa alter the n any that depth, is the first condition necessary. When t 
in every detail thereof, not only in a perfect, but sity of its being done, although it shows the necessity of result is attained, air and heat are at the same time 
eal manner. If draining were carried procuring implements anes for the purpose, and of freely admitted, and the soil to a r 3 
out to the required extent, superior management would | training men and horses to apply them properly. The | undergoes a gradual disintegration, and be s less 
zoon follow. The light dry soils of Norfolk and Suffolk common swing plough, well made and used, and drawn | stubborn, more easily cultivated, and more “tertile is 
ae on the whole very fairly ae and the same | by three horses abreast, is quite sufficient. Some now secure an equal diffusion of water, and prevent the 
: ition may made g P we of | use ploughs of a rather larger size, which are no doubt htest accumulation werent. Drains a 2 made 
Lincolnshire . and Yorkshire. The BBs the | better, but the common plough will answer perfectly if of a suitable depth, and also near each o Mixin 
southern counties, and other r places where ths soil, the depth of its body is sufficient, its cutting and turning and pulverisation — * ‘ol 8 1 sep, spa stirring 
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though t naturall 3 * is naturally an “ts not shaped and placed by mere chance, but with the subsoil below, will then 
jttted to a adı ofan: MER iy tem of Eee eropping, | a perfect knowledge of the work 1 are to perform, into immediate contact with ite. ay ater, and th 
no gnise ane pi al and the conditions essential to by af BROS it mixture 3 t cla, ay OF re other pot mater fitted 
Tt was no doubt the dry co a large | effectually, and with the least expenditure of power; its | to assist in oping the e 80 highly bene- 
portion of is Ak pp ge etna per Alen e nie Als plese to an balance as nearly as | ficial, especially o duties Lied of soll; on the other 
115 
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