46—1850:] THE GARDENERS’? CHRONICLE, 727 
of other substances. In its fresh state, cane. juice ap- where it remains until the drainage of the vindication 
to contain albumen, gluten, and caseine, or some | sufficieutly complete to admit — its shipment” f He of the steps pari have been taken to caution 
similar substance. The first of these is readily sepa- remarks res respecting the ing of the syrup: nufacturers against using the process with. 
rated from the juice by mere exposure to heat, which the planter intended to convert the cane-juice in into | out evidence of the prudence of so doing, have 
coagulates it, and causes it to separate in the solid | dough or bird- lime, he eould s vee He have — a) published the reports of six scientific men to whom 
form as e gluten appears to be chiefly held | more successful method a 2 ing his purpose; they referred the subject for consideration. The 
in solution by acid matter, and is eher thrown bat to obtain sugar, a ill-judged — „or one quantity of acetate of lead employed is so small that 
down hea — het tion of lime or some other base; but more defective in principie could not be employed.” we may altogether pass over the question, what effect 
the th ised matter is not precipitated by either ji vegetable princi which the —— — is produced by t the acetic acid thus ci Ip rate into the 
of — — ; it remains in the purified cane-juice, and which — present 55 2 cane: juice together wi p, though it is ous do some harm; 
and interferes greatly with its evaporation and the | the sugar, as it runs from the mill, are but very ri he only question of real practical importance is, 
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“He |ot the subject, Government, in 
be | difficulti 
separated in the clarifiers, and, indeed, they not * Which extend to the labours of the sugar refiner, are in cess can be used with safety to the public. 
frequently effect it by two gaust operations; first o f | great measure to be traced to the imperfect manner in The report of the three chemists’ appointed by 
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rom e ; des | Sugars mmerce 
not be produced unless rather more lime is added than gradually and partially separates from = syrup p during | of lead, and also copper. The quantity it is true 
is necessary to combine with the acid matter present ia | its subsequent concentration in the fi W _ very small; but there is no reason that any metallic 
i A ce t 
e e, of lime is | pans. g suffered to enter 
hurtful. Free acid matter causes the subsequent de- | during the evaporation of the syrup, from the two-fold were both no doubt derived from the vessels employed 
of some of the sugar, and tends to keep a por- | influence of the im i i i hite-] h 
tion of gluten in solution; whilst free lime likewise igh temperature to which it is exposed ; this le ery commonly 7 e to paint the interior 
causes the destruction of sugar, gives the syrup a dark the formation of a a large quantity of —— | of the metal and other oe used, is highly 3 
colour, and cannot be easily separated when once in the sugar, and tothe discolouration of the syrup, which gra- able. After exam — mber of sa 4 or 
syrup, Lime does not act thoroughly in purifying cane- | dually darkens in colour as it becomes stronger and | prepared by Dr. Scoffern’s'p — the Government re- 
Juice, unless the mixture is heated up to the boiling ps — in saccharine matter, Two very important im- porters state, “It appears from the fouling! details, 
l haps in part — gai on the expulsion — provements in the mauufacture of sugar took place when that the refined sugar, 3 nd treacle, ge 
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ammonia set free by the lime ; but the juice must not the vacuum-pan and 5 use of animal charcoal were | acquire a trace of lead from the new process, sufficient 
be —.— actually to boil, 1 if it does, the introduced. By the of the former the manufac- 2 be distinguished by chemical tests. The lead appears 
matters precipitated by the action of | turer is enabled to a — the syrup at a tempera- to accumulate in the treacle, but in no case that we 
the onion be broken up and diffused throughout the | tare much below that which would be e required in an bee had an opportunity of o rving, to such an 
liquid again, and could then only be separated with | open evaporator ; and thus — evil Lr of exposing amount as wou ‘ould justify us in pronouncing the treacle 
great difficulty, and by very complete filtration. This the syrup to a high temperature are greatly | poisonous,” &e: 
precipitation of the gluten may be effected y either | diminished. By the use of — — as a filtering This report was then referred to three co ompetent 
potash or soda quite as completely as by lime, but the» e wuy the dark colour r of the concentrated syrup is authorities i ia W urisprudence, for their opinion, 
latter is preferred, because the compounds which it they state that the constant use of su ee ane 
forms with most vegetable acids are nearly inbblables| r rem the greater part of the 1 ether a small quantity of su they assume fro 
and because th nee of soluble alkaline salts in the 3 or saline, which remain in th e juice; the 4 in- the chemical report sugar thus prepared may contain; 
clarified juice would greatly interfere with its subse- | troduction of this powerful purifying agent is perhaps |“ would be likely to prove highly injurious to health 
quentan neentration ; they would tend to diminish the | the greatest step which has yet been made. and in the course of a few months 5 Sea give rise to 
p 
e sugar, and to increase the propor-| The chief desideratum at the present time appears to alérming syptoms of poisoning.” It certainly would 
tion of thdl We must confess that the chemical | bè au improved mode of removing the azotised — seem from the evidence of the different persons, both in 
explanations « oer by the various authors who have | from the j ap saaren i applied, rapid in action, and more | this country and also in the colonies, who have been 
n the „ l perfect than the mode now employed. The other difi. employed to examine the products of ms patent pro- 
Taf, arty the Horr rhode in which it acts, are far from | culties may, — the most part, be met and overcome by | cess, that they do contain — A re lead 
satisfactory; after all that has been done, there yet the means already at the disposal or within the reach of those made by the old mo is, — „taken 
pee pmb great deal 15 explained, and a great deal | the sugar boiler; but he has no perfect method of re- alone, is not to be considered a as a condemnation of the 
to be 3 ted, the explanation of which would | moving at once the whole of the azotised matter which | pateni t, yl t 
probably lead to important improvements in the | the juice contains. From time to time various schemes | ally eseape the filter, and so pass into the sugar or 
manufacture ave been proposed, but however plausible and complete | treacle, it will not bei in a. eee sng de but as a 
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the sepatatian of the scum has been ca arefully per- failed when tested in the manufactory, or have been far as to assert that itis no more — ben so much 
formed, the clarified juice 15 then transferred to the soon abandone some practical difficulty as great chalk. This is in f estion — as 
88 vessels. There are 88 five of them, as that 3 were originally proposed to remedy. | far as the chemical e vidence goes, it cer oes no! 
through all of which the juice successivel y passes, enter- | Amongs' bstanees recommended were oxide | bear out the statement that sulphite of lead i is * insoluble, 
ing the first as it comes from the clarifi and leaving | of zine, alum, su hate of alumina, and sub-acetate of and therefore harmless.’ o doul insol in 
as a j le | lead ; these, other 
to 8 Th 
judges that it is in a state to erystallise, when it is similar schemes; we shall rely — to the use of but we greatly — that the results of 8 e 
transferred to the coolers, in which it is cooled rapidly, | lead as a purifier, especially in the mode Spee nted and | would — — contain a portion of lead; and 
and allowed to erystallise, being stirred about from | advocated by Dr. ere we very —— — whether = eulphite of lead is 
time to time to aid its granulation. When the syrup is| The azotised matters present in the sap or jaices of a substance which “a ta into the human 
completely cooled, it is found that a portion of the | plants, may be very E precipitated by solutions | stomach, day after day, even in — antities, with 
erystallisable sugar has separated in the solid form, of certain metallie salts as corrosive sublimate, | impunity 
W e nape together vih the uncrystallisable | and sub-acetate of lead ; "his | * has been long known, SS SIE 
Sugar, or that which has been injured, with a consider: and no doubt wo ave been apes used, had it lianeocus. 
able quantity of ae me Ea left i in the fluid state ; the not been for the highly poisonous nature of such salts,| Tulip —— ion fe "1881. — Thè follow ing address 
whole is then allowe in, so that the fiaid part | and the ex xtreme difficulty, not to say impossibility, of | to the Tulip gr gro in the kingdom has been published 
may run off, constitu sine the molasses, after which the —— ba Dodwelh, sq, 0 of Derby:— Ge nilemen—I p 
raw 1 is fit for exportat: ere employed to clarify, and the consequent chance ess you, e you to conference * 
the crystallisation of the & sugar ne the syrup th of rendering the sugar produced poisonous, or, at least, * sakjen of ihe ‘Great Talip Exhibition for 1 L 
nn e want of attention to the physical conditions Thich unwholesome. Some years since, in 1839, a patent was de by —— te ee in — . j 
ought to eee the may age observed, as is taken out by Messrs, Gwynne, for the purification of | to the per A I re n regu “ persia — 
evident in many other parts of the process, When cane. juice, and refining of syrup, by the use of a solu- | receipt of you y delegation & at the hand Me your lat a 
syrup is cooled very slowly, the sugar crystallises in | tion of sub-acetate of lead; and it was proposed to add secretary, Mr. Dixon, J laid the same before t : 
large and regular crystals ; but a great portion of un. a portion of biphosphate of lime to the clarified liquid, | mittee of the sc ae Society here; and I am 
crystallisable sugar is enclosed in the cavities which | for the purpose of separating any lead which might re- gratified to s ate that it was received with w rm cor- 
are formed between the cyan: 15 15 found that it main in solution, and which en thus precipitated in | dialit ty, a and a motion pledging the committee to give it 
the mass of hot * up is large, and i an insoluble form, might be removed from the liquid by all possible support, aud a gratuitous accommodation in 
quiet, so that it may cool very slow — the resulting a second filtration. e practical difficulties appear, the large hall in which the exhibitions of the society 
sugar is not obtained in a convenient commercial form, | however, to have been considerable, and even with the are held, with a donation of 5/. to the fund, was unani. 
or one suitable for the further operation of the refiner ; | greatest care, the chance of the sugar containing lead mously adopted. J. Edwards, Esq., — * p to 
it i to agi ce on th t .; 
ery grea 
i i C. Turner, of the Royal 
the erystallisation, and obtain a small In Dr. Sco coffern’s patent, a new mode of precipitating | T. Adams, Esq, 5L; Mr. C 5 0 
granular crystallisation ; when nis i is prer 1 the excess of lead is proposed, the process being based | Nursery, Slough, 5/.; and my own eee. 5L, com- 
on d m m erely im your al 
53 cipitated by the action of sulphurous acid gas; and it is tention to what follows. I propose, therefore, as a 
— snare ely easy bance go 1 e ain of the stated, that even if a a portion of the sait of fe lead ven agas ine to -= end, the forisation of a committee 
Content view | formed, should by any ch ance remain in sugar. city a a e a 
of of saving — uy 7 atl e i te view would be in is eae of an insoluble, pa therefore throngtiout the kiñ gdom. Such committee to m 
or coolers, so arranged as to be exposed to the cooling | perfectly harmless eompound. There o doubt munica with the “eet tral committee, to canvass tor 
influenee of a current of fresh air playing over the whatever that the py in the a or co D rS, 
surface T By so doing | syrup mayb readily and mos * ee, and 3 to suggest such — Aand 
it is very i le that they save time, but it is certainly | by the addi of a small e of the sub · ac geart — coti Ware to the sneces 35 0 oe 
wed sacrifice of yiga which is thus obtained | of lead ; and it consequently follows, that if br the use — an 2 ei 05 
tion th an only be sepa- eck a acid gas, the presence of lead in the sugar, pe — iy, — ra work is perfeeted. a 
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Sugar and molasses has — sufficiently cooled. it is Hi p tt |e her, for we love the ladies, and invoke their aid) ? 
dug out of the cooler, shovelled into a bucket or some Doubts, "however, have been raised res pecting the 2s. Gd., ls. to the fund; and, gent! . me . 
other vessel, carried into the curing house, and there ness of the process in a sanitary y point of Sait; a your special 3 to the last named sum; 0 
thrown into the hogshead as if it pi Jer aggre | great deal of correspondence has taken place on what is due to humble devotees, think — the pleasure 
