THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



37 



By the aid of 



taSfer'wiU undertake this), perforata with minutely, 

 tine holefi, and strungly « roughed " ou the outside, like 

 an ordinary domestic grater. • 



In the under part of each box, let a drawer be fitted 

 to pull out j lua in- a ring in the centre. «» *»•- "* «' 



this, you will 



hare been P , _ . 



these boxes should be kept exclusively 



liver and cleansed immediately after use ; tlie other, 



for the buns, bread, &c. This provision has reference 



to the " warblers " principally. The larger and more 



hardy birds will select tangible pieces of bread, bun, &c. ; 



which they love to place under their claw, and flirt with 



at their leisure. 



You must next provide a piece of deal, 1 2 inches 

 square, and made on the principle of what housekeepers 

 call a chopping-board ; that is, having a back to it, and 

 a narrow " wall " on each side. On this you must place 

 your Hemp-seed, crushing it thoroughly with a lignum 

 ritce rolling-pin. After every operation of this kind, 

 scrape the board clean with a long knife ; and daily 

 scald it with boiling water, to remove or lessen the 

 grease which has exuded from the Hemp-seed. 



A pestle and mortar, of marble, is the next requisite. 

 This is serviceable for rubbing down the hard-boiled 

 eggs, and a variety of other substances connected with 

 an aviary. It is an article of indispensable utility. To 

 scrape your raw beef on, and keep it free from taint, you 

 will find nothing so serviceable, nothing so appropriate, 

 a circular slab of marble, 13 inches in diameter. 

 This will be in perpetual use as a general " table for 

 operations." In connection with it, you will find a 

 u spatchelor," or apothecaries' knife, very handy. Being 

 flexible, it yields easily to the pressure of the hand. 

 Both these articles must, of course, be kept sweet and 

 clean . 



To cleanse the floor of the aviary, by removing the 

 sand, <5lC., the most ready instrument will be a kind of 

 "hoe," fitted in a wooden handle, 12 inches long. The 

 width of the hoe should be 5 inches, and it should be 

 slightly " inclined " inwards. A trowel, also, on a some- 

 what similar priuciple, will be found useful, for scraping 

 the comers of the floor. The sand should be, to use an 

 Hibernicism, rather gravel than sand. That is, it 

 should be gravel, finely sifted, so as to retain a number 

 of small pebbles. These pebbles are freely eaten by, 

 and greatly assist the digestive powers of, all the 

 feathered tribe. It is not necessary to throw away all 

 the sand every time it is removed ; it will come into use 

 again, much of it, when cleansed by sifting. 



For this purpose, always be provided with two large 

 strong sieves, made of wire, one finer than the other. 

 Through these, severally, pass what is removed from 

 the floor of the aviary, day by day. The dry sand will 

 freely pass through the fine sieve — the residue must be 

 rejected as being quite unfit for use. It will, however, 

 do for the poultry -yard. 



For the purpose of cleaning the circular and square 

 perches, there are always kept ready for use (obtainable 

 at any of the bird-dealers in the neighbourhood of " the 

 Seven Dials ") long and short iron rods, fitted with two 

 distinct contrivances— one at either end. These are of 

 light weight, and are made, at one end, so as to admit 

 the perches into their centre. Thus, all dirt is readily 

 removed, and with comparatively little trouble. These 

 irons are also indispensable for the perches of caged 

 birds, as well as those in an aviary. 



The last equipment that I need notice is—the jars to 

 contain your bird-seed, &c. These I should recommend 

 to be of transparent glass, with glass covers also. The 

 tall glasses, such as are used by chemists and confec- 

 tioners, will be found most serviceable. Whether for 

 your German paste, your buns, your seed — or what not 

 — these glasses are to be highly commended. They are 

 by no means costly, and they preserve all that is con- 

 tained in them sweet and wholesome. 



Of course, you will keep yourself well supplied with 

 sponges, flannels, nail-brushes, and other similar articles 

 of daily use. You should also be furnished with a stock 

 of bird glasses, tin pans, &c., so as never to be at a loss, 

 in case of sudden need. William Kidd, New Road, 

 Hammersmith. 



I hope, be sufficient to enable my readers to prop rate 



all the sorts of plants to which th< todes are appl .eabh • 



Section I. General Observations on Inarching, — 



out by mark* gardeners. Set d tor the gent A crop uf 



f 



for permitting both individuals to live together during 

 their united existence ; or they may have for their 

 object the transferring of valuable species to stocks of a 

 hardier and more vigorous nature proper to maintain 

 I them independent of the parent plant, from which they 

 are separated after they have taken on the stocks. 



It is thus that we propagate many fine trees and 

 shrubs which cannot be propagated by other modes, or 

 at least not by any that are so well adapted for bringing 

 plants rapidly to fruition. By means of some of the 

 modes of inarching we can make our large trees assume, 

 in our parks and forests, very agreeable and picturesque 

 forms ; and they may be made of more extensive utility 

 for producing curved and angular timber, exceedingly 

 useful for the navy, and in the arts. 



The modes of inarching are very numerous. M. 

 Thouin has described 39 of them. To demonstrate all 

 these would carry me far beyond my present object, 

 appears to me sufficient to make known all those which 

 may be most usefully turned to account, and practice 

 will supply all the varieties which may be derived from 

 them, and which have only received different names in 

 consequence of their application to various positions 

 and different stock?. 



It 



GRAFTING. 



No. III. — Analysis of the kinds of Grafting and 

 Budding described in this Work. — As the modes which 

 I propose to describe are chiefly intended for the propa- 

 gation of plants, I shall only briefly notice those of 

 grafting by approach, or inarching, by which sometimes 

 useful and agreeable picturesque configurations are pro- 

 duced ; but, in demonstrating those employed for pro- 

 pagation, I shall point out the operations applicable to 

 the principal forms which amateurs may wish to produce. 



I have included in one group all the kinds above men- 

 tioned, without confining myself to the various sections 

 w which they have been classed by our great masters. 

 Iliose by scions comprise the principal modes of cleft 

 graltmg, whether on branches or roots ; and they are 

 divided into two sections. The first treats of all thos ; 

 in which the stock is considerably larger than the scione 

 the second those in which the stock and scion are equal 

 ui size at the time of performing the operation. Crown 

 grafting and side grafting belong to the same group. 



unftlT 7% T t0 , th0Se which our 8"*t ™»t« has 

 united under the denomination of budding (greffe par 



Snlf ! *P ° nly include such of the °> - ^e the 

 most useful and most easily executed ; as, firstly, some 



^on^v P , r i! UCipa } J** iei ™ <>f shield budding ; and, 

 ^ond ly , those of flute budding. The numerous details 



WHICH 1 am ahniif: *n «,\r^ „„ „« 



spring Cabbages is sown between the 25th of An. 

 and the 1st Of September, in beds 5 feet wide, which 

 Inarching {Greffe par Aj>i>roche) is distinguished from j collectively occupy several acres. Mr. Fitch, of FuU 

 ther kinds of grafting by the circumstance that both J ham, generally sows about 8 acres. When the plants 



arc up, h an nt over the beds with 3-inch hoes ; 



the plants are thinned out, and at the same time all de- 

 >rmed ones arc removed. No particular time is Bet 

 apart for transplanting ; this entirely depends upon the 

 season, and how other crops are got off the grounds. 

 Last year Cabbage planting coromen. d about the "2.5th 

 of October ; the plants were then very large, and as the 

 ground is dunged and trenched the planters follow the 

 trenchers. I have frequently seen as many as 30 work- 

 men upon one piece of ground, with their foreman walk- 

 ing along the line, in order to see that " every man did 

 his duty," and it is his place to move the measuring 

 sticks ; for every man had his 12 feet measured out for 

 him down the whole piece. The spades in use in market 

 gardens are 12 inches long by 9 inches broad, and the 

 work is performed by them in a masterly style. Land 

 for Cabbages is heavily manured ; a two-horse load is 

 emptied down (as if it were a barrowful) for every 30 

 square feet. As soon as a four or five acre piece of 

 ground is ready for planting, men with lines are put to 

 work on it. The first line is trod out, and after it the 

 rest 2 feet apart ; the lines are then shifted crossways 



2 feet distant, but this time the men only tread in the 

 angle of the previously made line, so that the main crop 

 stands 2 feet plant from plant ; but, in case of a runaway, 

 as well as to help to pay, a middle row is generally in- 

 troduced ; this row is, however, cleared off for Cole- 

 worts during this winter. I may mention that the ex- 

 istence of slugs is almost unknown in well managed 

 market gardens ; their disappearance is owing to the 

 double trenching which is continually kept up in such 

 gardens. Immediately after planting, hoes are sent 

 through, to loosen the ground, and at all other favour- 

 able opportunities during winter and spring the earth 

 is stirred and aerated ; but the plants are never moulded 

 U p — a bad practice for almost any crop. Under the 

 above system of treatment most delicious Cabbages are 



produced. 



Cauliflowers.— The seed of spring Cauliflowers is 



generally sown about the 20th of September in open 

 beds. Towards November, when the weather is begin- 

 ning to get cold, frames and hooped beds are got ready 

 in light rich land. The plants are pricked out, not 

 more than 4 inches apart each way ; during the winter 

 they are kept dry ; no rain is allowed to fall upon them; 

 but whenever practicable plenty of air is given them, 

 | frost has but little effect on them under hoops ; but 

 when excluded long from air, and kept in darkness, they 

 sometimes suffer from damp to a considerable extent. 

 They are planted out in the richest and earliest ground 

 in February, or the beginning of March. I have known 

 one grower to save nearly all his Cauliflowers for seed, 

 instead of sending them to market. In this way he has 

 secured nearly a ton of seed from large plantations of 

 many thousands. When the Cauliflower is permitted 

 to seed the whole of the centre portion or flower is cut 

 out except a rim to run up for seed. If this is not done 

 the mass of flower is so great, that unless a very fine 

 season occurs the seed will not ripen. 



Celery.— For the first crop this is sown early in 

 February ; and in March and April for late crops. The 

 first is sown either in a frame or under a hooped roof, 

 with hot dung under it. Celery generally succeeds 

 Cauliflowers, Cabbages, or Lettuces. The system is to 

 dig out a trench two spades deep, banking the mould up 

 on either side, then to fill in a foot of the strongest 

 manure, such as cow-dung, and to cover this with 



3 or 4 inches of mould for planting in ; if the ground is 

 very rich half the quantity of manure is applied, and it 

 is dug in. The rows are generally from 4 to 6 feet 

 apart* the plants are then taken from the seed-bed, and 

 planted root and head entire — not trimmed in, a plan 

 which ought to be discontinued in everything. The 

 plants are placed about 8 inches apart, the intermediate 

 ground being planted with Cole worts, Lettuce, or any 

 other light crops which are likely to be off before the 



B 



C 



A 



JJIWiwa 



Fig. 1. 



Inarching is best performed when the sap is in full 

 flow in spring. AH the modes of it require ligatures, 

 and some little apparatus necessary for bringing the 

 respective portions into the desired form ; all these 

 ought to be carefully looked after, in order to prevent 

 strangulation and overstraining. 



In stocks of high dimensions, destined to form curved 

 timbers, &c, we should take care to allow some weak 

 shoots and branches to grow along the stems, in order 

 to increase their thickness ; without, however, robbing 

 the parts operated upon. 



Inarching of Stkms, for the purpose of supporting 

 and invigorating them, see Jig. 1 . (This is a modifica- 

 tion of that described by M. Thouin, under the deno- 

 mination of Greffe Michaux.) Operation. — Select a 

 strong tree, near which there is a slender one of the 

 same kind, or if not, plant one, and when it is well esta- 

 blished, bend it against the stem of the stock, in order 

 to determine the most convenient place for the union ; 

 there cut off the top of the weaker, and thin the end 



Celery wants moulding up ; but market-gardeners do 

 like that of a flute, but more slanting, A ; make m the not commence blanching until the plants are about 



bark of the stock, B, two incisions, which, together, 

 form a T reversed, j,, at the bottom of which remove a 

 small portion of bark, forming a seimcircle, such as 

 may be seen at C ; then that above wilibe easily raised 

 for introducing the extremity of the prepared portion, 

 A, the cut surface of which will rest on the alburnum, 

 and on which it should be immediately fixed, by means 

 of stays and ligatures ; and if the inarched tree, B, is 

 large, and exposed to the action of the wind, the operation 

 is secured by means of one or two nails, driven through 

 the part joined, so as to afford the greatest resistance. • 

 This inarching may be repeated on the same individual, 

 when there are subjects adjoining that can be adapted. 

 We may also apply it by bending the flexible branches 

 of trees to their stems, and inserting their extremities 

 in the manner above indicated. This application, and 

 also the preceding, are very proper for forming bent 

 timber for the purposes already mentioned. Translated 

 from the French of D" Albret. 



MARKET GARDENING ROUND LONDON. 

 No. III. Cabbages. — These being general favourites 

 with the public, their cultivation is extensively carried 



* There is no danger in using nails in this and some other 

 kinds of inarching- ; they are overgrown by the new layer* ot 

 wood, without any bad effects from their oxidation. I have 

 had ocular demonstration df many of these inarching*, afctr 



am aKn,,f *« • w * "V ; - I the operation had been performed 17 years, and can there 



<ufl aoouc to give on each of these modes will, ! fore vouchfor the correctness of these assertions. 



18 inches high, as it prevents rain and air from acting 

 on the roots. The sort of Celery now grown for market 

 is entirely changed ; solid Celery is not used, but a 

 much more spongy tall kind, which is ready for market 

 in half the time the red solid (such as they grew 20 years 

 ago, or what gentlemen's gardeners now grow) occupied, 

 but the latter is by far the best. Market-gardeners 

 cultivate a pink kind (no white is grown) which, on 

 account of the richness of the land, is brittle and tender, 

 and grows rapidly ; but it would be much better 

 flavoured if it had more time to blanch. The operation 

 of earthing up is all performed by the spade, no hand 

 earthing is employed. Parallel lines are stretched on 

 either side of the* row, 18 inches from the plants, and 

 the mould is cut out of the alleys to form the blanching 

 rid^e. Late earthing up is effected in about three dif- 

 ferent times. James Cuthill, Camberwell. 





VILLA AND SUBURBAN GARDENING. 



The ordinary mode of planting the various kinds of 

 shrubs which ornament our villas, is apparently so 

 simple and so easy, that it scarcely calls forth a remark. 

 To dig holes and thrust plants into them is considered 

 to require no great amount of knowledge or skill. 

 Trenching is deemed useless and unnecessary, because 

 it is believed by the inexperienced that plants will 



thrive alike under all conditions, L e., if the soil be 





