.) 



18.") I. J 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



67 



HE AT US AND Oi'HBR PLANTS FOK, EXHIBITION. 



" ILLIAM JAMES EPPS begs to state that he has 



for sale the finest Stock of Young HEATHS aad other 



w 



¥ » IOr »»ic wuc " Ul «" ^wv,wi» v* * w >»n *»^*»» ^-^ «w« «»■■«■ 



Greenhouse and Stove Plants possible, which will make 

 splendid specimens in a short time. The superior character 

 of Plants sent out from this Establishment is justly admitted 

 by all who have purchased. The magnificent specimens of 

 Beaths, «fcc, exhibited by him last season at the Exhibitions at 

 Chiswick and the Royal Botanic Garden?, London, where he 

 received the highest awards, fully justify the foregoing remarks. 

 Strong bushy Plants can be had at the following iow prices, 

 exclusive of packing, carriage paid to London : 

 — ^_. —•-»!- /if f. « * 100 fine vars. of Stove £ s. d. 



100 fine varieties of £ 5 



Heaths 5 ° 



50 ditto ditto 2 12 



_> ditto ditto 1 10 

 100, including all the 

 finest varieties of 



ditto 7 10 



50 ditto ditto 4 



25 ditto ditto 2 2 



d. 

 

 6 









 

 



and Greenhouse 



Plants 5 



50 ditto ditto 2 12 

 25 ditto ditto 1 10 

 100 newest and finest 



vars. of ditto ... 7 10 



50 ditto ditto 4 

 25 ditto ditto 2 2 





 6 

 





 







All the new leading kinds of Geraniums and Cinerarias 12s. 

 2U. per doz. 



Catalogues of the above may be had on application. 

 Bower Nurseries, Maidstone. — Feb. 1. 



DWARF PEAS. 



HAIRS'S Dwarf Green MAMMOTH KNIGHT'S 

 MARROW PEA is perfectly distinct from any other in 

 existence; grows 2J feet, is three weeks earlier than the old 

 dwarf Green Knight's, and the Peas and pods are twice the 

 size. 5s. per quart. 



BISHOP'S LONGPOD.— Grows 2 feet hiirh, early as Early 

 Frames, pods as large as Scymetars, and 20 to 24 per stem. 

 Is. per quart. 



BURBIGE'S ECLIPSE. — Grows 1 foot high, pods larger 

 than Imperial, greater bearer, and altogether superior to that 

 variety. Is. per quart. 



The above are three of the best Dwarf Peas ever introduced. 



Full particulars can be had of Duncan Hairs, Seedsman, Ac, „ ±u +~ J j : n " a% t ., ' "~ 



Wholesale and Retail, 109, St. Jtfartin's-lane, Charing-cross C than to d > and in llke manner the white sap 



jMAtM of a, impeded by the obstruction e. will 



and compelled to unite when very young into one 

 solid body ; but in such cases each half retains its 

 peculiar quality. In the present instance the roots 

 only join by a narrow neck, the upper and lower 

 portions remaining perfectly separate; and yet, 

 strange to say, each gives its companion its own 

 qualities, and receives in return other qualities be- 

 longing to its twin. Not, however, wholly, but in 

 part ; to use familiar language, the white-headed 

 Belgian gives its red companion a white tail, while 

 the carrotty-headed Surrey gives the Belgian a red 

 tail. 



Mr. Carroll points out how much this case serves 

 to confirm the theory of descending sap. Not that the 

 theory stands in need of confi rmation, for no one really 

 familiar with living plants can have any doubt of it ; 

 but the present case seems to admit of no possible 

 explanation upon any other principle. The Carrot 

 b d, is joined to a c, at the point e, where each is 

 thrown out of the perpendicular into nearly a hori- 

 zontal position for a short space, after which each 

 again resumes the perpendicular. The effect of 

 this is, that the two Carrots continue to represent 

 two _ perpendicular lines, but each perpendicular 

 consists of two parts, the upper belonging to one 

 Carrot, and the lower to another. It is evident 

 that the red sap of b, when it reaches e y where an 

 obstruction occurs, will more readily find its way to 



London. 

 Catalogues can be furnished 



t>ASS and BROWN'S DESCRIPTIVE PRICED 



±f CATALOGUE of SEEDS is now ready, being a part of 

 their ANNUAL SEED and PLANT LIST, which will shortly 

 be complete, aad forwarded as a newspaper, free by post. The 

 Parts now ready mav be had together for a penny stamp, viz. : 



Part I. FLOWER SEEDS, containing a scale of 



priced selections of 422 of the new and most approved sorts, 

 with colour, height, hardiness, duration, price of each packet 

 and other useful information. 



Part II. VEGETABLE SEEDS, with priced scale 



of collections, time of sowing each description of Vegetable 

 and price of each variety, with heights of Peas, and other 

 descnptive information. 



Part III. AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, containing 



also much useful and descriptive information 



Part IV. ROOTS, FRUITS, and BULBS for early 



planting. * 



Part V., as far as complete, contains a scale of prices 



of our otaoioe selections of plants, and the principal part of our 

 descriptive list of Geraniums. 

 Seed and Horticultural Establishment, Sudbury, S uffolk. 



T>OYAL SOUTH LONDON FLORICULTURAL 



-*-*' SOCIETY, UNDE& the Patkonage ofHer Most Gbaciods 

 Majesty the Qcjeen. The Exhibitions for the present season 



^ i^ 6 ^ C l a "/° ll0W u 8 ; The first on WEDNESDAY. April 

 23, 1851, m the Assembly Rooms, at the HORNS TAVERN 

 Kenmngton, and the following at the ROYAL scrrfy 

 ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS; on L toUKRfcY 



Wednesday, May 28th, 



Wednesday, June 25th, 



Thursday, July 24th, and 

 t i s. r t, • Wednesday, Sept. 3d. 

 List of Prizes, and the Rules of the Society, may be obtained 



,»»!S b8cri, i ,io ! u ' J 20s - per aTlna n», entitling each Member to the 

 Sf * * tten , % a **l\ ?l™er Shows, Lecture*, aad Meetings 

 oUhe bocietj, of Exhibiting Flowers, Fruit, and Plants, their 

 own growth, in competition for Prize?, without any charge for 



than 



circumstances, it would have proceeded ; and thus 

 the respective qualities of the two roots become 

 transposed. 



a 



SATURDA Y, FEBRUA RY l, 1851. 



MEETINGS TOR THE EN&UING WEEK. 



Tu»* dat, 



Wbd2t*bdat, 

 Thursday, 



FaiDAT, 



Saturday, 



4Jci?rES ff ine«--:::::::;::: lit 



l Pathological £ !*' 



6 i^ tyof t ArU :::::::sf£: 



IGeoIosicat q»_ * 



{Zoological <tl* 



6< Antiquarian * t !**• 



CRoyai &'•;• 



{ Botanical //.I../"'*??' 



7 < Philological ;.,; 2 *-*• 



(Royal Institution '.""saf » 



R r Royal Botanic __ SE - 



will j W !u t0 1 the ! dlldM8B of a correspondent at 

 Wexford the knowledge of the following very 



Si? 6 / SUMESE * RAFTING ' Two Carrot^ 

 Ef^nivf ' C ? me , m t° intact in the progress of 

 tff JST*' ^d united ; with this peculiar feature, 

 ^t each assumed the characteristics of the other 

 f L% COmmu ^tion from Mr. Edward Carroll 



^g additional 



ula 



These Carrots were 



sample of seeds of the 



grown t 



gre^t tt\ti^^r^ ? e two roots 

 round the other S #* ?* each twisted half 

 most singnlar matt^ hey . beCame united - T he 

 its small ovSL^JJ 8 k that f e red Carrot with 



colour and lame dim . ove the J^ction took the 

 which in like mann^S S -? f * he w ¥ e **&*. 



The heads of the two remain unaffected by the 

 union ; f or there everything remains in its natural 

 state, acted upon by the foliage, as is usual ; but 

 below the junction a great alteration is produced, 

 iiie tail e d, naturally weak, is distended by the 

 abundant matter poured into it by its new head a e ; 

 and in like manner, the tail c c, naturally vigorous, 

 is starved by the insufficient food derived from its 

 new head b e, and becomes diminutive and shrunken. 

 1 his seems to have been remarkably the case in the 

 specimen iteelf, but is not so apparent in our 

 diminished figure. 



Now arises the question, what sort of plant will 

 come from the seed to be produced by these 

 , -^eir possessor will save the 



seed of each separately ; and let us know the result 

 when it shall have produced a future crop. It is not 



altogether impossible that the red Carrot may pro- 

 duce TPff fiOOfl Jyi mU* ~f U T-.'x. x__-l j r . 



and 



twins 



gaseous matters, what differences exist between the 

 same membrane on the various parts of a given 

 plant, and how these differences are modified by 

 circumstances. The first series of experiments were 

 made to measure the real porosity of the epidermis, 

 by ascertaining the rate at which endosmosis takes 

 place through it, between various dissimilar fluids. 

 Small portions of the epidermis of different plants, 

 carefully prepared, were cemented at the end of glass 

 tubes ; a weak solution of sugar was then poured 

 into the tube, the lower end of which was thus 

 closed by the film of vegetable membrane, and the 

 tube was then immersed for a given number of hours 

 in some other liquid, after which the quantity of the 

 latter drawn through the membranes by endosmosis, 

 was carefully measured. 



The result of these experiments showed that the 

 epidermis of old leaves permitted little or no endos- 

 mosis, whilst that of young leaves allowed it to a 

 very sensible degree ; a fact apparently caused by 

 the considerable quantity of oleaginous matter, which 

 covers and impregnates the epidermis of the former. 

 On comparing together the epidermis taken from dif- 

 ferent parts of the same leaf, it was found that it 

 varied considerably in its relation to this passage of 

 fluid ; the epidermis of the nerves, and of the lower 

 part of the leaves, nearest to the leaf-stalk, being 

 those which permitted it most freely. An epidermis, 

 which does not allow of endosmosis in its natural 

 state, becomes permeable to liquids, when it has 

 been washed with ether, solution of soap, or in some 

 cases even with distilled water alone. These effects 

 are quite independent of the action of the stomata, 

 and may be observed quite as well with a membrane 

 wholly destitute of those openings. The fact that 

 the epidermis of leaves will not permit the passage 

 of water in their natural state, but will do so when 

 the greasy matter which coats their surfaces is 

 artificially removed, may be proved by immersing a 

 faded leaf for some hours in water, keeping the 

 whole of the leaf-stalk out of the fluid, it will absorb 

 little or no water; but if it has been previously 

 carefully washed with soap in distill*! water, it 

 will then be able to absorb a very notable quantity 

 of the water in which it is subsequently im- 

 mersed. ^ This absorption is ibund to be quite 

 as great in those leaves wfrch are furnished with 

 very few stomata, as » is in those which have 

 many, provided the washing be carefully conducted, 

 and all pressure s voided, which would cause the 

 forcible introduction of water through the stomata. 



The chif^ conclusions to which AI. Garreau 

 arrives, « the results of these and a number of simi- 

 lar evperiments, are as follows .-—Firstly, That the 

 cuticle of plants possesses the power of allowing 

 endosmosis to take place whilst the parts are young, 

 but that it loses it as they grow old. Secondly, 

 that this power is in proportion to the quantity of 

 oleaginous matter which exists in the cuticle, being 

 greatest in those membranes which contain least 

 fatty matter, or in which it has been artificially 

 removed by washing. Thirdly, that the cuticle 

 which covers the upper surface of the nerves, and 

 particularly that which clothes the axillary part of 

 the leaf-stalk, is that which permits the most abun- 

 dant endosmosis. Fourthly, that the epidermis some- 

 times interferes with this power of the cuticle 

 because plants which have no epidermis permit 

 endosmosis to a remarkable extent ; and young bark 

 which has this organ, permits much less endosmosis 

 than that which is without it: and lastly, that if 

 simple washing with distilled water is able to increase 

 the absorbent power of leaves, it is plain that rain 

 water must produce the same effect. 



These results are certainly highly interesting, and 

 unquestionably point to a new and hitherto unsus- 

 pected office of rain ; they show the importance of 

 keeping the surface of plants clean, and lead to 

 numerous useful hints to the practical gardener. 

 We must, however, confess that we do not feel 

 altogether satisfied with some of the experiments, 

 because we are not quite sure that it is fair to com- 

 pare the endosmosis or passage of water through a 

 membrane, with the gaseous transpiration which 

 would occur through the same membrane ; because 

 the conditions most favourable to th* one are not 

 necessarily also always those be^ suited to the 

 other. The experiments of th^ author do not bear 



iwtq/) "R 4- *t/ f .,.7 v " «««w w*u, duu m-e utuer. me experiments oi id^ auwiur ao not bear 



versa, mt the probability seems to be that the upon this question ; he purely shows that such 



wiii^nave properties somewhat intermediate vegetable tissue is reall* i>ermeable to carbonic acid, 



but does not bv dir** experiment Drove tW. tW 



between 



m * lining, took th* r^ \ iarger neacl aboy e 



A mp™^ — permeability is ^creased in any definite ratio bv 



7^ w • ag0 we bnefl y mentioned M. Gar- washing. ™e author endeavours to prove that car 



av s verv ™™,, — • ... I bonic j?, t - gas is aWe tQ pags thro f the ^ll*} 



°ccasionallv 



halfwh 



that 



having b 



n? ZL?^ ^"^experiments on the perspiration 

 of plants ; we shall now redeem the promise w* 

 then gave by describing his experiments more in 

 aetail so that our readers may be in a posit*-* to 

 *rf? th emselves of the value of his co~ iU8i °ns. 

 M. Otarreau's object in the first plac " as to ascer- 

 tain the ratio in which the p'^'cle and covering 

 membrane of plants is »»**« to absorb or give out 



pj 3 r-« which have no stomata, by referring to the 

 = rowth of water-plants, which are without them - 

 and by an experiment in which a portion of li me * 

 water was enclosed in a tube, the end of which 

 was covered with a small piece of such a mem- 

 brane, and the tube then plunged for some 

 hours in an atmosphere of carboni? acid ; under 



