CHRONICLE 



V-' -\ w->\ 



hich the leaves ai 



t« Illp€5"Ut 



0! cwet n 6 0° and 75° in a still atmosphe 



Eiturv ol iM»5wceu »u ««« .^ **« - — 



p^ ,„ t subjected to bright light during a « 



of davs, accord^* *" thi - tenderness of their foliage, 



w m uh «> ™ - P o«ed to the free air until it has been 

 SS accus' to it The places where the modes 



fTSg ail in these t* .aragraphsougbt to be 

 performed can. e fixed here, seeing that some of 

 £ ought to be made invarially below the level ol the 

 "oil, on the under part of stems ; others are made on 

 £ota, either w< I, or sponsy, lepwred from their 

 SJent tree, and which, a r W-.rked arc .planted 

 jTtl ground, theie to mail in their vital state, and 

 feed tb# wafts vl h I been placed upon them ; at 



of between 4 and 6 above riie surface of the 



gr 1, m<! pi r^iuh but it very rarely happens 

 that it is to mil ..her than 32 feet 



The thickiiw t the stocks, branchy &c, intended for 

 then pt iot the grafts mentioned in the fiiht para- 

 graph, vai ^ fiftJl of ^ in °b t0 *** incn ^ 

 aJf. # AH tbo#e spproaching the latter size, and those 



*thM larger, led for crown grafting ought to be 



roogbly cut back in winter, before they exhibit any 



sijjim of vegetation. 



This o juration ought to be performed from 8 to 12 

 inches aJ the point marked out for the reception 

 of t graft The principal object in abort- jig 



l*ci i winter, i« to retain all the sap for the benefit 



vf the grafts wbanl they conn to be joined at the 



time it is in full m tnent, and this somewhat precedes 

 that of th Ions, as we have stated in q iking of their 



preaervat u, 



AH the latent or a-i us shoots which spring 



from the stems or branch of grafted trass, ought to be 

 checked, on small stocks, as soon as they make their 

 mpp* rune. but with regard to large subjects the 

 proc* ug is di Her* ut ; for until tln^c shoots have 



the gth of 6' or 8 inches, so long their 

 presence is necessary, especially near the grafts, in 

 order to attract or draw up the sap, which would othej 

 wise frequently remain for a long time stagnant in the 

 trunks and roots of large trees ; as soon as they 

 hate fulfilled this function they should be cut baci 

 The graft*, which till then are somewhat languid, ac- 

 quire all at^oncu a gr t development, and cannot, in 



, sustain tlieniH Ives without supports. 

 auii l<<m the 



double white with which I am acquainted is La Candeur, 

 and white Swan and Pottebakker are the best single 

 whites. Amongst yellows, in addition to the dwarf and 

 showy Van Thol, we have the yellow Pottebakker and 

 the old double yellow rather later in flowering. With 

 the above, together with Crocuses, Snowdrops, 

 Hvacinths, Narcissus, and other early flowering plants, 

 I manage to keep not only my beds but my windows 

 gay all the spring. It is but fight to mention, however, 

 that I generally make the bulbs which have flowered in 

 the open ground one season change places with those in 

 the windows, and vice versa ; for I find that under pot- 

 culture they become weak, and do not flower so weU. 



— C F 



Planting Waste Lands uKh Forest Trees.— I have been 

 tempted to address you on a subject which I think you 

 will agree with me is one of national importance, viz., 

 the eligibility of vast tracts of waste land in the United 

 Kingdom for the production of timber, hot that 1 

 would recommend the owner of land to plant forest 

 trees on lands fit for cultivation, as in this country 

 i\™\*v mwi be imnorted cheaper than it can be grown 



certain 



the tree, and when gathered^ if it be hung up in a \ Vam 



Marie T ™"°** ; ~ a <. 3 ^^i 



room until it becomes melting (this is essential) it 



obtain it in this perfection, the tree must not be over 

 cropped, which is very probable, if it is not most x^ 

 lutely thinned. T. G, Clitheroe. 



Garden Ornaments.— How many means of create 

 picturesque effect are wasted by every gardener ! I^J 

 pretty could a common red Grape jar be made to loot 

 if a rough trellis were put across its month and a creeper 

 planted in it, with plenty of drainage, with four bricfe 

 as a pedestal it would look well, and cost at moat only 

 Is. 6d. Jay> Somerset. 



Timber Preserving. — At the back of the house No. ¥> 

 Essex-street, Strand, a rail of Oak was, in the year 177? 

 placed round a flat roof of lead, at a height of perhaps % 

 feet above high water in the Thames. The rail was exposed 

 to all the violence of storms from south to the noift. 

 ward of west, the leads being two or three stories afore 

 the roofs of the houses in those directions. The rail 

 was composed of an upper and an under bar, each i 

 them mieht have been about 4 inches in the square, tt 



© 



Home Correspondent 



/ y*. — It does not sufficiently 

 appear, whether four correspondent wishes for a vege- 

 table ornamental border edging or m< something to 



• up the earth. Slate, tiles, flints, and freestone, all 

 ••Her from the spade, and flints collect weeds, but ston< 



War* if made into tiles, and Peak sterro-nu tallic, if made 



J I inch thick, would last for ever. Stone and slate are 

 very liable to "open, and any very dark or neutral 



tint, that is, any tint with blue in it, and not 1 lor 

 hrowu, is not agreeable a 1 border to earth, still less 

 to Oram. The colour of the material si u id be 



•omething bet* ingy yellow and brown ; any in- 



termediate tint would Jo, hut of com the colour of the 

 •oil would make one or the other superior to the rest* 

 in a ght-eolou red soil I would use a dark border, and 

 vice vena ; slate never looks well in the country', our 

 greens are too blue and our skies too neutral; 'it is 

 never introduced into a painting. Jay, St erlet.—l 

 have found an edging of Thyme particularly neat and 

 lasting. 1 am «orry to say I am not botanist enough 

 to demgnatc n by any other term than the flowerless, 

 •weet-scentcd Thyme ; it is quite a creeper, may be 

 Jtepi to any widtii by simply cutting off what is super- 

 fluous, and it does not harbour any sort of vermin. It 

 toa ed^ed my shrubbery border for, at least, six years, 

 tf accidentally trod upon, it returns good for evil by its 

 aweet perfume, Tlu : tine to plant it is April It 



JJ^T ** ■" ** Kg* Welly ^.U.aII 



&*%} TiMpi. —These being now in blo«, m oppor- 

 tumty u afforded of making a selection, and for the 

 amateur ot limited means, 1 know of no more valuable 

 •prmg flow, Hn- plants. They air heap and easy to culti- 

 vate,reomnns but little attention ; and while they annually 

 adorn the flower clump or sitting-room window, their 

 numbers mil increase, until the only difficulty will be to 

 hnd 1 «n for them. They form charming beds durin* 

 XApnl and May, and b a the present time till Mav t1><£ 

 «ay be easily had in flowei 

 >aKI*hol, single and do le ; Rex Rubrorum, ToWsoL 



TSnl^X' *°t Maria « e de ma m «* The outlay for 



*? T i^ ch of ^^ v »rie^B *d not exceed the 



cost of a d(W of first-claea Hyacinths ; and while the 



^V^ y ll { \ fought annually, these last for years 



that in this enlightened age the planting of trees in 

 such situations does not demand more attention. I have 

 taken the liberty of making an extract from an article 

 bearing on this subject, which appeared in a gardening 

 periodical nearly 20 years ago ; but which, to a great 

 extent, holds good to the present time. The writer 

 Bay*—" To what cause then but an unaccountable want 

 of information as to the advantages to be derived from 

 wooded lands properly managed can we account for the 

 necessity which exists for importing timber into a 

 country where for centuries millions of acres of land 

 capable of producing valuable timber have been per- 

 mitted to remain totally unproductive. When we 

 traverse the wilds of Connemara, or the Grampians, 

 we are incessantly struck with the vast amount of 

 country suitable for the growth of timber. That the 

 hills of Yorkshire and Derbyshire in the north, or the 

 level plains of Hampshire in the south of England, 

 should be suffered to produce Heath instead of Oak and 

 Deal ; and that too in a country where unlimited 

 capital exists, and industry only requires permission to 

 exert itself, must be ranked amongst the most extra- 

 ordinary anomalies connected with the history of the 

 country itself. Ireland, with her five millions of acres 

 of waste land, three- fourths of which is adapted to the 

 growth of timber, and her population perishing for want 

 of employment, presents a picture of bleak desolation 

 not elsewhere to be met with. Lord Melville, in his 

 letter to Mr. Percival, predicts, with good reason, that 

 if this culpable apathy to the interests of the nation 

 shall continue, England will ere long experience a fatal 

 want of an article on which her existence as a nation in 



were morticed uprights of about 2j inches square, 

 Robert Mylne (the architect of Blackfriars-bridge), 

 directed that the whole rail should be left without paint 

 or any other coating for two or three years, to season, 

 it, however, never was either painted or coated in any 

 way between that time and the year 1 800, a period of 

 nearly 30 years, and yet it was as sound at the end of 

 as when first put up. How long afterwards the t& 



lasted is not known. M. -The remarks which k 



lately appeared on this subject, remind me of the 

 following conversation. Walking one day with the 

 late Mr. Atkinson, of Silvermere, in his grouni 

 near a lake, where he had recently built a summer. 

 house of home-grow/n wood, I asked him whether 

 he did not mean to give it a coating of somethii{ 

 to preserve the timber ? He said " No." ¥0 

 not brushing it over with linseed oil be a good ps- 

 caution, without altering its appearance? "No; I 

 think all such applications more calculated to induee 

 decay," or words to that effect. He did not enter to 

 the modus operandi of the application, nor did I m 

 him, but such was his opinion. When on this &ubjeei,I 

 may mention an instance of durability in naked woodth^ 

 some years ago, fell under my own observation. Bciaj 

 engaged in alterations in a garden of which I had chai$ 

 it became necessary to remove an old frame-grouai, 

 surrounded by a Reed-fence 6 feet high. The rails i 

 the old frame were of Cherry-tree, cut triangularly id 

 fixed to Oak posts. These rails were never atitf 

 pitched, tarred, nor painted. When taken down, the; 

 were crusted over with a brittle crust about one sa 

 teenth of an inch deep, and all besides was sound a 

 hard as bone ; an old man who had worked in * 

 garden between 40 and 50 years told me that «• 

 rails had been there ever since he had been, and to* 

 knowledge had worn out two sets of Oak posts. Agaj 

 I have frequently known green poles of Willow, peek 

 and used as fencing rails, to last many years, afld atU; 



poBure 





no mean degree depends." The following very sensible 

 remarks occur in Mr. John Tuke s " Survey of the 

 Agriculture of the North Riding of Yorkshire :" — 

 " Most people, T think, concur in this point, that for the 

 last half century the wood in this kingdom has been 

 terribly on the decline. That gloomy prospect has now 



become tremendous, and sufficiently visible to awaken ^ ^.„ _„„_ „ 



the fears of every thinking person. The axe is often j any one at first thought would hardly expect ; and ni 



heard, but the planter is seldom seen. Let us cast our 



thoughts towards the future support and welfare of our 



navy — our sole protection — and we must tremble at the 



continual disappearance of our Oak. Some speedy 



method must be adopted to remedy this great national 



evil • or, besides the danger from fierce external foes, 



we must determine to go barefoot : we should never 



think of looking to foreign countries for a constant 



supply of Oak bark to tan our leather. Let Britain siderable portion of it. Every student of chemist 



help herself. Each nobleman and gentleman should told in the rudimentary treatises on that science ti^ 



insert in the agreement with his tenants a clause to " ' ^" - 



compel them to plant and protect in the corners of their 



fields, and upon pieces of waste ground, a certain 



number of good Oak, Elm, and Ash trees annually. 



These trees should be found by the landlord, and he 



™~ r .^^ _ w „ , .,_ last many yews, 



action of the weather on the outer surface raises a sort* 

 short woolly covering that wards off the rain. So i^ 

 observation coincides with some of the remarks of J# 

 correspondents on this subject. Quercm, Jan. 27. 



Sources whence Plants derive tiieir Nitrogen.—! 11 ft 

 article on this subject you appear to me to have ovf 

 looked one source from which they must derive a c* 



perform ___^ 



as the payment of the rent ; then will the rising gene- 

 ration have cause to bless the wisdom and policy of the 

 i present age," 1 think the above remarks need no com- 

 ments from me, as they carry with them convincing 

 proof of the solid sense of their authors. 4 Young 

 Gardaur. 



is a 



it an 



xne van moi is N^ii^ tod ou , rhfc to ^ ^ d 

 as such, e ept varfew k 2Lfarf7t *•♦ ™<T„ 



Useful Fruits.— One of your correspondents gives a 



Ycry high character to Chapman's Prince of Wales' 



Plum, as a fine fruit, and an excellent bearer. So far 



. , , ? s the €x P € ri<mce of two seasons justifies my dome so, 



w. 1 began with I can fully confirm this statement, though this 



locality where Plums generally don't bear well ; b 

 intelligent nurseryman in this neighbourhood say! 



this Plum is exceedingly apt to canker and die off, and | flash that *small 

 that in consequence of this failing he has ceased to pro- 

 pagate it. So far, I don't find this to be the case with 

 mine. In speaking of good Plums, none of your corre- 



iuuiicuu&x^ u nausea vii uiai o^it****- - 



.park is passed through a jar c° D **2 

 atmospheric air, the latter is converted into nitric** 

 Presuming this is true, does not it warrant o# * 

 posing that an immense supply of nitric acid is J* 

 rated by the electric explosions of thunder d&® 

 There must be millions of acres of electric cl oM»* 

 posed to these explosions, and thousands of ^°P^ 

 of nitric acid generated thereby. At least, so * fc *jjnf 

 to me ; but not being a chemist, I may be vro»^ ; 

 formed in the matter. Will you kindly say wfce»£ 

 am so or not ? T. <?., Clitheroe. [Nitric acid is ^ 



formed 



oxidation of ammonia ; not merely by Hashes of kg"J^ 



prolrff 



acid. 



4 



Kex 



lesoL These 



that case, take 



etain 



now, and if properly tende 



ptag -for at W * month T.usqw^, t . ja 



A somewhat new vanetv. larger, ankv, nw „ X /. 



tte old Toumesol; but P£jK '5"3J&! 



duration. The single variety, calk 



yellow flaked with scarlet, is a noble flowS. „ 



and showy. Royal Standard is a pleasing kind/ wi 



White ground flaked with carmine, and the single flower 



Belle Alliance, is an attractive red.' There is also I 



believe a new scarlet Van Thol, of which I have no 



experience ; but it is reported to be very fine. The best 



j bpunoents appear to be aware of the exquisite flavour ot 

 the purple Gage ; it is, in my opinion, very superior to 

 the green Gage ; but, in order to have it in perfection 

 it must hang on the tree until it slirivels ; before that 

 tune, it is only a second-rate fruit, but when it has huni? 

 a week or 10 days after it baa become melting it begins 

 to shrivel and then becomes by far the richest and 

 sweetest Plum I know, and upon a wall, even in this 



~ climate, it will hang on the tree until the 

 itfjg of November, and retain its flavour to the 



mcntinS^ ^ fruit * hich J d ™* &* so often 



f.„ J*S^ cserves t0 be > and th &* » the Beurrt 



much less than that resulting from the °xi&**j 

 ammonia. The rain which falls in the most w* 

 thimfWatoniis contains only a minute trace of** 



t is only in the immediate course of 1&j\± 



quantity of nitric acid is formea 

 many thousand electric sparks must pass tbi»«#^ 

 of air before an appreciable quantity of the air is <*w 

 into nitric acid.] # <& 



Hybridmng the Uepatica.—A& the season is a^ 

 when one of our prettiest spring flowers, the mrT 

 (Hepatica triloba), will show its bloom, I **£ $0 

 wish again to call the attention of amateurs 3^ ^ 

 of our leading cultivators to the fact, that tbert W£ 

 to be only five varieties of this charming lit*^ ^ 

 viz., single white, single rod, double red, single m» ^, 

 double blue ; and although these plants have been ^ 

 and cultivated in our gardens for upwards ^ 

 centuries, and are also found wild in many of m ^i 

 of Europe, yet there appears to liave been »° ^g 

 made to obtain varieties. The single sorts seen ^ 

 •fid so does the double white 1 and as they && 









