154 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



The larm may be c xed 1 10 to 112 acres, M- 



dudiiiL' hedge* ditches, lanes, wa*te, \a, but only ■ 100 



acres under cultivation ; c< n^-mently the rent 110J. is 

 charged on the same, and the rent-charge is made 

 aeeordrig to the considered goo 1 or bad quality of the 

 bnd,»sit is not just, in minute and truthful calculations, 

 to *arg« all the land, whether good < bad, at the same 

 rale. One of my objects in thus apportioning the rent 

 i to ahow, that it is to the advantage of the tanner, in 



«e the best he can obtain (I had 



dresaTaud furrow up as you would Carrots or any tap as he would have from Ins 



root 



appear 

 woody 



to seed must be pulled up when they pork, poultry, and he could also feed his 



ir. Radishes are known to become what is called mutton, and beef, and have, besides, the i»!rt ^ 

 y ; Turnips are also liable to run to seed ; the same garden. Some farmers may think this atriflin ° ° f * 



is frequently the case with some of the plants of Chicory, and not enough to occupy their time ; but if jf ?***», 

 notwithstanding it is sown at a proper time. Imme- j produces and brings up annually 80 high-hi^ .u *•» 



gh-bred sh<*J 



diately plants appear in this condition, boys or women j tups in fit condition for sale, they should h* 

 t be sent to pull them up, and the roots when dug • Generally speaking, it would be as well if tJH 



It is of great importance 



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taking a farm, to ch , 



almost said regardless of the rent), as it will be found 

 that good land is farmed at less expense than bad ; and 

 if producing but a quarter of Wheat per acre more than 

 poor land, it yields a much greater profit, notwithstand- 

 ing Om increase of rent, as a greater produce will be 

 realised in every other species of grain, &c. 



INVENTORY OF FABM STOCK, & 



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4 (Tort** 'three mares), at fH, each 



1 Waggon ... 



2 Carta, at M. each 

 * Plough i, at 2t. lo*. each 



1 Set heavy h^rnwi 



1 S«t liKbe dkto, at U. 15j. each 



1 Hca«y rull 

 1 1 i^hi. ditto 



I Ihtil 



1 Dress to a; Machine 

 % Sera of fcor»e harness comj>'<tel 



2 8rt$oflhick ditto diu> ) 



W Pair plough harness compete, and plough linst 

 $ Cart ropes 



f Aht en >)*, at 11. each 



ft Sheep troughs, at 10 j. each 



% Dew rakes, at D>a each 



Laitri* n 



100 Har dtoS 

 30 Sacks 



Seed eob, Mevei, fan, bushel forks, shorelf, 

 •padea, rake*, 4c. 



8*n*ries 



£ 

 10« i 



25 



5 

 8 









 











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8 10 

 6 



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must be kept by themselves, 



to keep them out of the crop ; they are fatal to a good 

 sample of root, because these woody roots will not 

 roast, and appear when ground with good Chicory 

 (which is like Coffee), as so much ground wood, and 

 make it full of specks. To produce good Chicory, the 

 most important matter to be attended to is, to avoid the 

 roots running to wood. Chicory should be well cleaned. 

 The plants must not be too thick, but properly thinned 



to allow of good growth. 



J [arreting.— Chicory is taken by lifting, as Parsnips 

 or Carrots. If the season be fine, digging may begin 

 after the middle of October. 



to give more attention to one particular hrS**?? 9 * 

 ing.and manage it with skill and attention soil ** 

 it profitable, in place of having too much i?t 

 Dickson on Breeding Live Stock. "* 



Vor. 



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4 10 

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Home Correspondence. 



Open Furrows.— Mr. Mechi, in his account'of a « T 

 to the North of Devon/' expresses a hope thn ** 

 correspondents will discuss the question of open f 



J 



drains, even in the strongest soils, the quicker the waT 

 escapes." Is it not to the too rigid adherence toA. 

 rule of deep drains, that we may trace the necessity?! 

 open furrows in Essex 1 In proof that deep dralJJ 

 has long engaged my attention, I refer to a Bta22 

 illustrated with dia**™*™ *« +^* *~**» — i _* ., J^ 



Agricultural 

 there shown that 



oti heavy land. In a letter written Dec. 21 ift* 

 titled * Conclusions relative to Surface Draining '? 

 Mr. Mechi, 1 find in capital letters "the deeper 1 



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3 Cows, at 'jL each 

 2 Mom* t at U.Sf. each 

 10 V », at 1 each 



rY Ac. ... 



W LoskJh manure, at U per load 



8 T«*i» of Clorsr.hay, a per load 



7 Tun* of laraas-n iy, at -'? ad 



10 Aerea of ttt»ver*h iy, at H# per aero 

 'JO Acres of Fallow, u piouKhiags, a *. fc-i. jMfr acre 



2 flarron a, at U. y »cn 



1 K*»ntntrst I acrea Turnips, at It. per acre 



•aid for ditto 



harrowing, ) in - #0., at ]2t. per acre 

 Ma ours, car* ludspttiliu &c. 



Rent on 20 acres 

 •Sraw from 20 acres Wheat 

 l'itto 10 ,, eottCorn 

 Ditto 6 t , Peas 



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ESTIMATE : A RAM BREEDING FARM. 

 A farm of about 200 acres of good substantial Turnip and 

 Grassland,at,say,2£.per acre, would be of convenient size 

 for our purpose. It should be agood,deep, dry, sharp loam, 

 with an open bottom, and, if possible, a southern ex- 

 posure -the land gently sloping, and a good climate. 

 On such land the farmer would not be dependent on 

 his grain crops. Supposing it to be farmed under the 

 ten-shift course of husbandry, there should be 10 fields 

 of 20 acres each. Under this course of management, 

 the greater part of the farm would be in Grass, or 140 

 acres, which would be 20 acres new Grass for the tup 

 hoggs, and 120 acres, of from one to six year old Grass, 

 for the ewes and gimmers. The fallow break of 20 acres 

 would be, say, 18 acres in Turnips, 1 in Potatoes, and 

 1 of Tares for horses. Calculating the ewe stock at 

 140, they should produce 180 lambs, allowing 40 to have 

 twins. The stock to be wintered would therefore be 

 . v >20 ; and as the Turnips, on such good land, and under 

 such management, should be a full crop, 12 acres will 

 supply the hoggs, five the ewes, and one for three cows, 



which should be the whole cattle stock on the farm, *idges. Thereason is simply ^ because by this configure 



the land is partially drained, and there is an ap- 



h diagrams, in the Journal of the W 

 Society, vol. vi. part 2, page 489. J\t 

 hat "deep drains must be most effect 

 but to ensure this effectiveness the drains should be fly 

 with some substance through which the w r ater can» 

 colate freely throughout their depth." Mr. Mechi bem 

 on this principle, except that he made his drains npsifc 

 down, placing the pipe at the top of the stones t| 

 which the drain was filled ; he afterwards eomcW 

 this mistake, and running into the opposite extreme so 

 " If I had to re-drain my land I should place the m 

 in the drains without stones or other matter, merit 

 covering them with the clay itself." Then in an* 

 to an extract from Mr. Farkes, * It would be curm 

 but probably more curious than useful (he now seesia 

 it is useful) to learn the origin of this remarkable con- 

 figuration given to land/' namely, land cultivated osU 



• i r m • is • a , i • ,% 



£449 

 The farm stock in the aborc raluation is not new but 



t uk H may he advisable, before I proceed further 

 ia the actual working out of my system, to explain th 

 Mtareof the books I intend making use of. They will 



fc» as follows : 1st, Labour Book. 1 am not aware that 

 any form of my own can be better than several [ hav 



utiniined, so >ng as they give a clear description of all 

 the work done, and where done. 2d, Day Book— in 

 which must 1 red every circumstance as it occurs 



jsther , r or creditor ; of course, the labour weekly 



3d, Cash ok— which must contain all money 

 transact . whatsoever, debtor and creditor 4th 

 Journal- i which uiii be arranged mmihl v all transac- 

 ts r th ' K ^ hen,ls > for I ' tm S '"to the 

 ledger, g ie parties may perhaps Ink this booi 



ii ^T Vy ) md , ° Dl} pivin * *»**«.&•* trouhh, but it 

 U be found to have the effect of placing every trans- 

 action in a much clearer manner, and also save the 



K3 U " T 1 ** ln the ^^^ ****. without the 

 •Journal, m« S occur, so that iii the end the labour is 



&T2 1 tt tbe L r lgCr lhereb y re » d ***d more Ton 



\\ ith one pair of horses, and an odd one. One plough- 

 man and two lads could do all the work, except What is 

 regularly done by women and daily workers. The 

 expense of working the farm would consequently not 

 be great ; and if the land be well laid down with peren- 

 nial Rye-grass, Clovers, and other seeds, it will be fully 

 sufficient to keep the stock. Should there be any 

 surplus Gra s, it can be eaten by bought-in stock when 

 required. Allowing 20 for deaths and other casualties, 

 JO shearling tups and 80 cast ewes and gimmers should 

 be annu y sold. The produce of such a flock should 

 stand about thus : — 



Income. 



- I Shearling tup% at hi. each 

 80 Case ewes and gimmers, at 21. 

 800 Fleeces of wool, at 6s, 



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£400 







160 







90 







Rent 



Expenditure. 



£650 



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ruretnseofhijrhbred tups yearly £2<) 

 Sell one bought the previous year 8 



n 



She phercVs wages, besides his allowance of 

 com. sheep, and cow 



ets aud other incidental expenses attend- 

 ing the fc beep, t ay 



£400 











12 



10 



28 



450 



Profit on sheep, after paying rent, &c. ... £200 



The next consideration is, will the grain raised on the 

 farm, after keeping house, servants, horses, seed, and 

 tup > hoggs, pay the other expenses ? Allowing 20 acres 

 to be under Oats, and 20 under Barley, the proceeds 

 will approximate to the following calculation •_ 



sJ r ^OTLTITATIOII OF CHICORY. 



«31 ~ ?J .*? 1S the m0St 8uitabl *i though it 



wvU grow „ any s land, but the weight of th" mm 



Tin in i 



One gr ov P m 



20 acres of Oats, at, say, 7 qrs. per acre 



Say for tup hoe^s 



S*ed 



«»use and servants 

 Horses, besides light grain 



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K«od heart 

 Wl 



and eondi 



Q, such as is fit for 



appii>*aueii < too mtidt manure. -* } 



The tod c«„ot be made to rich with manure fcuHt 



ioua to * 



S^aSl** a^R ani^, ver Wel] 



w be»t applied *»,-«, irevious to 7 p O ,V 



a ■ . 



Qrs. 

 30 

 12 



18 



Qrs. 

 HO 



proximation to the truth, that there is a mean in drsnf 

 really stiff clays, a mean exceeded by 4-foot drains whia 

 makes it necessary to return to the open farm. 

 Close observation has convinced me, that at no timei 

 the water so quickly removed, or nearly so, as when k 

 drains are entirely open ; suppose drains cut 30 incks 

 deep, and at 30 feet intervals, in a soil of which the fin 

 12 inches is tilth or broken ground, the remainder ck 

 increasing in tenacity to the bottom of the drain; is 

 will be found that the first 12 inches of nearly the whk 

 intermediate space is drained in 24 or 36 hours, if, s 

 in the month of January last past, there are tbreens 

 falls which supersaturate the soil, the clay below to 

 1 foot, will still be surcharged with water, though fc 

 tilth has parted with its water three times over j fc 

 question then arises how much more water would Itf: 

 been carried off by a 4 foot drain than that at 30 ineta' 

 If both were open I believe there would be little * 

 ference, if both were filled in I suspect that the 30 ina 

 drain would have the advantage. Does water era 

 stagnate in a clay soil below a certain depth, son* 

 make it necessary to remove it ? If a soil, such** 

 have described, be drained to the depth of 30 rxm 

 how much water should we find (except that bell' 

 suspension by the soil) below that depth? Caa *■ 

 Mechi or Mr. Parkes answer these questions ? I » 

 not speaking of a Hop-ground, the example givenhj* 

 Parkes, but a clay covered by 1 foot of tilth. Four** 

 drains filled in with clay would so retard the toB *#£ 

 the tilth as to make open furrows necessary; let tlie 

 be made at a less depth, or filled in with some sv. 

 through which the water may percolate freely, «w - 





To sell 



Se^i ey s, 2 v aCreS,8ay6<3r8 - peracre 

 eivtiuta. <fet\ 



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10 

 10 



90 



50 qrs. 

 Qr«. 



120 



P — « — *» »- AA4V.AA VL1V » T WVVii ***** y |^V~ -ww— — - - w - . 



not the necessity for these furrows, with all tneir 



J - G - G ' , ak ^ M # 

 Feeding on Boards.— Being very scarce ot *» f 



I was induced to try boarded floors W : 



«_ x- j u-Ai ««ir The resn»^ 



companying evils, be removed ? 



Feeding on * 

 season, I was 

 cattle, which are tied up by "the neck- The 



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The 

 Six tons per 



*«^P«- K* re h , grown ed Uut tpn 



ten 



Qrs, Oats, at IBs. 

 100 Qra. Barley, at 21s. 



To sell 



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20 



1' <]rs. 



£15 (i 



103 



1 



two of the 12th <rf \Uv T,', J" 9 ° Wn nithin a ^ or 

 * produce Z^JiZ'Zt^ ° r eaHier 5 if la ^> " 



«• s *^?isrSi dT 1 roots ; if cariier ' 



«rtt-Some growers »y that * ., ., 

 «JWJ*h, other, w.^, tlmt 3 ' {q ?". - »»«. 



*4 - ? in t i *• 



/ 



per acre i 

 ,} ™- *re required. The 



«t. 



in as clean a con- 



Pl« P , B0BABLE ^XPIWSTS ATTENBINO THE Tl 



Wo hmao, Ud, and bi.y, lay THC I 



tf 



T . Ihaveai^^ 

 ithin the last fctr.g 



been, on the whole, satisfactory, 

 ever, used a little straw till within w%> «-- .^ 

 when I have tried a pair on the boards alone, , 

 a particle of straw, which is the plan, I believe, w> 

 by Mechi and others. I cannot express an) T^ 

 how it may answer with me, but the poor allim tey |J 

 standing so uncomfortably that I cannot fancy J 



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DaUji worker?, i c . 



Tear and wear of borse ^piemen: S* 



tradesmtii's arcount S & c ., E ay 

 Beeda, say f># J 



Pobao bd.dfn.; iosttraneeof stock and 



other incidental expenses, say ' 



£150 

 llage Land. 

 £20 



6 







rest of capital 



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20 

 10 



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 30 













 













 





 





 



iachee apart, and : about f. T- 1 T' n , ln rid 8 es abou ^ '» 



£150 fl o 



inches between the plants. Grass \ 



•era 



tfceseeii 



wit 



In addition to the ahovp tl^^u, v -™« v v 



; the sparring, although wide, is «* - ^ 

 that I am much inclined to revert w 



,. „:«„„» vmirself? *• ".'i 



rself •• -■ ,a 

 introduced*- 



p er 



paaaing 

 two row*. ( aning 



... b y ^ horse-hoe between the 



H f b ^ drill of two ^4Tc 

 nas oeeu done bv a Km ^ u^a.^ 



m ^ has been 



*&**, when the 



icory plant/ 



crop 



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keep the r^' ^ abuDd — «>f 8traw in ^ ^ 



tl-at the r, nt and SST^L a U ,la p ,and ' an 'l also. 

 «|j"P « «nd in theJTttaJTo PT ^ ^ the 





do well 

 dirty, 



straw. Have you any experience you 

 Steam Boiler Flues. — This subject 

 your Paper of the 25th nit, by Mr. 

 great importance for the saving of fuel, 

 well understood by all who have steam-engii* f. ^ 

 has lately been published a small work, C0 ^J4 

 ls.~« Armstrong on Boilers , 

 plainer instructions on steam b< 

 have met with before ; it would i 

 having boilers to procure a copy. ***- r - ne a- 

 and most economical boiler lor a fixed &, fit 

 cylindrical one, and if put up on the P nlx ^ # 

 strong describes as the even plan, will give k 

 faction, and the flues will be easy to clean. dta fr 

 says ail cylindrical boilers of 6 feet diamet er, ^g 

 should be put up on the oven plan ; * nd * * th St***T 

 with one beWini: to a relative in the bou ^i 





shire iron works," which ia 25 feet long f 1 /^ * 

 diameter, put up on that plan with only one 



