I 



THE GARDENERS 



CHRONICLE 



2(>3 



,.. M.l.siaiiee and ouume, uu »i-u 



fe noticed among other tint) tea* 



Heaths on the table ; but though very pretty 



- sufficiently distiuct from aristata to 



Tnuell^lTanTTu) shed at short intervals with MM*, I the corky matter is .,.),.,, oxi< 

 he border* at the same time being entirely re-arrar~ ' ' «-* " h "» cells of cellulw* are aim 





dietinctMit 



.... sooth London Flouicultiual, 4prtJ -J.— 



^ ibihon, the first of the season, was 1» J at the 



«t — i a«m. Kennington. Few stove and greenhouse 



KT JaTproduced, and as a florist show it was 



dlJ inferior to former years. For the bes 



^ ttm i y » uriculas in the amateur's class, the first 



.warded to W. S. Ginger, Esq., tor Litton s 

 mid Oliver's Lovely Anne ; 2, to Mr. 

 K,«kv • 3, Mr. Chapman. Nurserymen : 1st Mr. 

 J£2?of Slough, for Ringleader, Squire Chilman, 

 5SS of Wales, and Conqueror of Europe. 

 - «> Dickson, of Acre-lane, Brixton, for 



Oliver's Lovely Anne, Hedge's Britannia, and 

 -A cjiory. Several collections of Auriculas were 

 ^snd some Pol vantliuses, among which we remarked 

 Pssnsn'a Alexander, King, Princess Royal, and Buck's 

 STTv Paosies : Amateurs : 1st, J. Edwards, Esq., 

 Itoflows'v J, Mr. Parsons,. Enfield. Nurserymen: 

 f TlT ^ner, Slough ; 2, Mr. Bragg, ditto ; 



' Hart and Co., Guildford. The leading flowers 



Hales' Sir R. Peel, Duke of Norfolk, 



Ring- 



Jjown were 



Ophio, Kubens, tfertiia, w. *****, ™~> 

 JuvcaU, Disraeli, Mrs- Hamilton, Addison, ~- r - ;r ~, 

 QmmTof Knglaud, Mrs. Beck, Robert Barns, Miss 

 Edward< Privateer, Climax, Ibrahim Pacha, Thisbe, 



Zaldi Elegant, and Sir John Franklin. Dora and 

 EMlitmia are two large showy seedlings, which will 

 make fine varieties for exhibition, and must be constant, 

 from the number of blooms shown. A nice collection 

 of Cinerarias was exhibited by Mr. Robinson, and there 

 were also a few seedlings, for which a first-class cer- 

 tificate was awarded to Mr. Smith, of Hornsey, for 

 Queen of Beauties, a small white flower with a dark 



fee. 



and planted copiously with 1 Vrberis aquitohum for or- 

 namental under growth, we arrive at the new flower- 

 garden. This is now completed, and in June it will be 

 the scene of an exhibition of American plants, by Mr. 

 Hosea Waterer, of Knap-hill. The Rhododendron* are 

 already nearly all planted, and, judging from their size 

 and appearance, as well as from the varied surface— 

 the miniature hill and dale— supplied by the formation 

 of the ground, a display may be anticipated such as has 

 never before been presented by an exhibition of the 

 kind. But this is not the only purpose for which this 

 ornamental ground has been fornled. It is intended to 

 be a " garden of flowers" all the year round, and to this 

 end it has been, and will still be, furnished, as opportunity 

 offers, with such plants as will best carry out that object. 

 In preparing an eligible site for an American show, 

 however, improvements in the conduct of the ordinary 

 exhibitions have not been lost sight of ; for 150 feet 

 of new tent have been added for the better accommoda- 1 

 tion of plants. The iron tent will be altered so as to 

 suit Geraniums, and for the large collections which 

 used to be shown there, two stations, which advance from 

 the general line of tables, have been formed in one of 

 the long tents. By this arrangement it may be expected 

 that a more effective exhibition will be produced. In 

 the orchard little alteration has taken place since our 



The buds of the different kinds of fruit 



4 by nunc acid 

 vvuli its cells, the 

 the residue and 



exhausting with alcohol as soon as nitro 



to bo perceptible. We sometimes meet with thick* 



walled cells of cellulose, which tartly s thoee of 



u„ o+^a ^f at/ma- fruits, but which also 



w~~ *~ ~ . :ur frequently 



in the bark of many trees and in the cork layer of the 

 Oak After deducting the cellulose, the ash and the 

 substances soluble in alcohol, the corky layer of Pota- 

 toes iM found to consist per cent, of" 



• •• 



• -• 



• • • 



• • * 



■ 1 • 



t • ♦ 



■ • - 





• ■ • 



■ • * 



* • • 



• t • 



■ a ■ 



62.3 

 7.15 



27 57 

 3.o3 



Carbon 

 Hydrogui 



O-xygea 

 N itrogea 



With nitric acid, 100 parts gave 6.2 pacts of a fatty acid 



soluble in alcohol. Cork from the Cork Oak, carefully 

 separated by excision from the brown matter miming 

 transversely across it, yielded per cent. — 



Carboa 6 |.j3 



Hydro^eu 04 rl 



Oxygen -* «j* 



Nitrogen — 1 ' 0{3 



• • . 



t • • 



• • • 



Another quantity of the same piece, treated in the same 

 way with nitric acid, yielded 39.67 per cent, of a fatty 

 acid a I J.55 per cent, of cellulose. Alcohol extracted 

 from 100 parts of the same cork H5 part of a fatty 

 matter difficultly soluble, and 5.4 of a fatty substance 

 readily soluble in this mens uum. The cork was used 



for analysis without anv previous treatment, and in a 



last report. The buds of the ditlerent Kinus 01 mm, "> -ana j couip «riti 1 ,mn Mulder 



trees have been thinned considerably by the sharp frost g^J^.^ ave A nier5L nearly »g s with 



which occurred on the nigh* of the bth and monnng £^Tm iSLX that given V Dtoping. 



of the 7th inst., when the «MM»g £ n £3 growth of cork «Us is common. In (Sam 



11° of frost ; but we- are glad to state that sufhcient J^^J^ Uvc ^ it is K . en on llie young branches ; 



emains for a crop. we > ither mmt with ft incre tmm( i 8ttl te of the bark, or 



the exul rant growth increases to such an extent that 



Memoranda 



Green. 



Hort ii.TURAL Society's Garden, Turn 

 ■The large mass of Phakenopsis amabiiis, wine 11 jvir. 

 fortune obtained from Manilla, is now, as it nearly 

 always is, beautifully in flower in the Orchid-house ; as 

 are also the Skinner Cattleya, (bearing 10 spikes of 

 highly coloured purp e "blossoms), several Oncids, and a 

 f«w Dendrobes. In the adjoining greenhouse, we 

 remarked, among other things, the great-headed 

 Gueldres Rose (Viburnum macrocephalum), and the 

 Amble white flowered Chinese Peach— introductions 



Miscellaneous. 



Hartleys Eow/h Plate Glass.— The importation 

 of glass into France is at present prohibited. Special 

 permission has, however, been granted by the trench 

 Government for the introduction of a quantity of Hartley s 

 Patent Rough Plate, for experimental purposes, on the 

 application of some influential horticulturists, who have 

 witnessed the results attained by the use of that article 

 in this country. & ade r la tui Herald. 



Baked Potatoes.— -It is computed that there are GO 

 tons of baked Potatoes sold in the streets of London 

 every week during the season, viz., from September till 

 the beginning of April. The average takings of each 

 vendor is 6s. a day, and the receipts of the whole 

 number throughout the season are supposed to be J 4,000/. 



Cornwall Gazette. , . 



A small collection, just imported, 



the magnificent 



whose value in the arboretum has not yet been tested ; 

 but from both of which much may reasonably be ex- 

 pected. Forsy thia viridissima was also in flower in this 

 house, as well as against the open wall, on which it 

 requires about the same treatment as a Peach tree, and 

 for a south aspect, in a somewhat sheltered situation, 

 few wall plants are more effective. In the new house, 

 which has lately been erected for the more speedy 

 and abundant production of plants for distribution, were 

 nice young examples of Sikkim Himalaya Rhododen- 

 drons, raised from seeds presented to the Society by Sir 

 William Hooker. The two-coloured Cantua was in 

 flower here, as were also the whiter-blossomed Eran- 

 themum, than which a better winter flowering plant 

 hardly exists ; the scarlet Scutellaria, Tetranema mexi- 



canum, Manettiacordifolia, the ever-flowering Achimenes . w « M «a W — r - , —t- m , wn „ x . a 



picta, and the useful Turnera elegans. In regard to the he has recorded m a variety of f*^™ 1 ^ 

 plunging material employed in This house, it has been Wahlenberg has left his rich collection and nmncious 

 found that sawdust by itself does not answer near- so library to the University of Upsal, ^^^J^f* 

 well as when it is mixed with coal ashes or cinders, student- and to which he has been attached m various 

 Managed in this way it is rendered more porous, and capacities during upwards of 49 years. Athmmun. 

 *"**? . , _ ' ^ . r,i;i„ rp. V> ,L rt \r„n, t -* «f <\>vb. hi Professor Mitatrlvh 



Sale of Orchid s.- 



consistiiig chiefly of Dendrobes, and 

 blue Vanda (V. cuerulea), was sold last week by Mr. 

 Stevens The Vandas fetched from 21 to 10/. L0* per 

 plant, and the Dendrobes from 10s. to &l. 5s. A few 

 Aerides, Ccelogynes, Saccolabiums, and Cymbidnuns, 

 were also sold at the same sale, at prices varying from 



10s. to $1. 15s. per lot. a _i_. , 



Death of M. Wahlenberg. — From Stockholm is 

 announced the death, at the age of 71, of the distm- 

 cniished botanist and geologist, M. Goeran- Wahlenberg, 

 Professor at the University of Upsal, and director of 

 the botanical garden in the same institution. M. 

 Wahlenberg is stated to have spent 30 out of his < 1 

 vears in scientific journeys throughout the different 

 countries of Europe ; and the results of the^twwja 



place 



iiei'iw as^tiio "exui/. mt growth pro to a greatte 



extent in icvv plants only, lenticular glands are tormed. 

 [a the Cwk- Maple this exutonfcee ie greatest on the 

 lower branches, which are surroinulcd \>y nu.isr air, so 

 that a copious format a of Cork occurs upon them ■ it 

 does not howefW form a connected layer, as in the 

 Cork Oak. Exactly the «me exuberant growrfi occurs 

 in the l'otato. The tuber is the end of an underground 

 sum, which has become thickened ; the s m is usually 

 furnished with only a single layer of cork cells ; the 

 tuber itself has five or six such layers, frequently stoU 

 more. Both on the stem, and especially at the tuber, 

 small swellings are perceptible, even while both are 

 quite young. A transverse section of these shews that 

 they are formed by an increase of the cork ceils ; whea 

 coloured with iodine, tbey are not rendered blue by sul- 

 phuric acid ; they are not altered by it, whilst the ad- 

 jacent cells, which consist of cellulose, are immediately 

 dissolved. On the further development of the tubers, 

 the number of cells at these spot rapidly increases, ami 

 in much greater proportion than that d the other cells, 

 so that the outermost become separated from each, 

 other. In the lull-grown tubers, deep cavities or pite 

 originate in this manner ; these are covered with cork 

 cells, but are not closely connected, so that the moisture 

 of the soil is able to penetrate in an unchanged state to the 

 more deeply-situated sUrch-eells. A process of decom- 

 position commences at these spots, by which the agri- 

 culturist, on keeping them through the wmter, Ire- 

 quently loses half his crop of Potatoes, ihe corky 

 layer is difficultly permeated by water ; it thus protects 

 the plains, not only from liquid, which might penetrate 

 Irani without, but it also prevents their drying. Potat- 

 oes, the surface of which is uninjured, may be kept for 

 months without becoming the least riaccid, and losing 



The author has kept P6- 





Camellias planted against the north side of the wall, 



which divides the small flower garden in front of the 



glass houses from the experimental ground, have 



bloomed beautifully this year, and at present one of 



them is quite loaded with flowers. A spreading bush 



of C. reticulata, planted out in a wooden box in this 



garden, where it can be covered with a glazed sash at 



night, and in the event of unfavourable weather, is 



qjftite a mass of rosy pink ; and this has been the case 



with it for weeks past. Where Camellia blooms, in a 



cut state, are wanted in quantity, a better plan than 



this could hardly be adopted for then* production. The 



Camellias in the large conservatory have likewise 



flowered well this year, as have also some of the 



fixxe leguminous plants and Rhododendrons which the 



house contains. In order toalirrhtlv increase the vigour 



—Cork, which is next to cellulose, the most im- 

 portant constituent of the cell-wall, is so difficult to 

 obtain in a state of purity, that the author does not 

 venture at present to express any opinion upon its com- 

 position ; when obtained in a pure stat< . another name 



less continuous coaun rt 01 u y j # transmits water and hmucis is best shown by 



scarce^ — j ~ . ,. , ,, 



tatoes in a drying chamber at a temperature slightly 



above 86" F. for months. Uninjured Potatoes lost 



about 3 per cent, in weight ; the pitted ones almost 



twice as much. Potatoes which had been cut through 



the middle shrunk up in a few days, and whea cut in 



slice* they were almost perfectly dried in tk< ame time. 



Even below 2i^ F. the cork of the Oak parts with 



of 



of the Luculia gratisaima, planted out in the bed here, 

 ^iiere it has blossomed profusely and beautifully, every 

 winter for years, a trench has been taken out round it, 

 and new soil added to its roots. Its top was also at the 

 ■ttne time pruned in, and it is now beginning to make 

 young wood freely. The appearance of the arboretum 

 has been much improved by the removal, where they had 

 become too thick, of some of the less important kinds 

 trees ; the walks have been all newly gravelled 

 and rolled, and the Grass on the lawn closely cut. The 

 small walk running along the bottom of the conservative 

 Wall has been widened and straightened by the removal 

 Of a short cross wall, against which the large Arbutus 

 procera grew ; the latter has been formed into a 

 •atandard, the conservative border has been made 

 narrower, so that the plants on the wail can be con- 

 veniently examined from the walk, and, in addition to 

 ate 



verv often it forms several ceuuwi i^wo, ^ ^ «» 

 Potato In the latter it forms a row of cell?, readily 

 distinguishable both by their structure and chemical 

 reactions from the subjacent cells containing starch ; tne 

 number of superimposed layers is different in different va- 

 rieties of the Potato. This layer is easily separable from 

 boiled Potatoes, and from the cells consisting of cellulose, 

 which are filled with starch. This substance is very 

 readily distinguishable from cellulose by its reaction. 

 with nitric and sulphuric acids. Concentrated sulphuric 

 acid, which immediately dissolves cellulose, does not act 



„_ . by 



its common application to the closure of bottles filled 

 with liquids, A layer of corky substance, in .fact, pre- 

 vents the penetration of moisture. Conviction may 

 readily be obtained by means of iodine and sulphuric 

 acid, that the most delicate vegetable hataf are covered 

 by a thin layer of corky substance (cuticle). Fresfa 

 cotton-wool imbibes water with difficulty. If the corky 

 layer be removed by chlorine, or some other oxidising 

 agent, the wool may be moistened as readily with water 

 as any other substance which consists only of cellulose. 

 Before treatment with chlorine, cotton wool can hardly 



" unbleached cloth be- 



up 



able 



thin 



brown px — . 



grav. oxidises it, even below the boiling point of water ; 

 the cells first swell, and the product is then soluble 111 

 potash ; the cells soon separate from each other, and by 

 the continued action of nitric acid a series of acids are 

 formed, the final members of which are suberic aim 

 succinic acids. The first products are red, the colour 

 becoming more intense when combined with alkalies ; 

 they are fusible at the boiling point of nitric acid, and 

 oluble in alcohol. The same products are obtained, 

 but hi different quantities, when cork, the pee of Po- 

 tatoes, or even the cuticle of Aloe lingua, which resist 



■» advantage, the effect of all this has been to mate- tatoes or even the cuticle of Aloe lingua, wiucii resist conneciw wmi *..«.« u«.«, ^« "- — ~ e»*-a - 

 *ally improV; this part of the garden. Following tne Tc'tion of sulphuric acid for several days, is boiled each cell cannot be disturbed Tins drcumstanco 

 Abroad boundary walk which has been completely ' S Citric acid of 1.2 spec grav. In the water-bath 1 may also yield an explanation ol the reason why the 



between the 

 eadily convince 



mi- 



croscope, the cotton-wool fibre is coloured to the middle 

 when it has been previously bleached. The author con- 

 siders it as not improbable, that cellulose and the corky 

 ubstance, with the fatty matters covering them, are 

 secreted by the same cell ; and when the cellulose has 

 been absorbed, the corky substance alone remains ; 

 moreover that the corky >ubstance forms the outermost 

 part of the v*ell-wall, and connects (cements) the cells 

 with each other, just as the walls of the cork cells are so 

 thick, and so closely packed together, and so intimately 

 connected with each other, that the wall belonging to 

 ich cell cannot be distinguished. This circumstance 





