THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



313 



PFliUVIAN guano. 



t , riON TO AGRICULTURISTS. 



C, \ J«oc notoriou. that exteosire adulterations ot I 



^Cil—^-SffSJfcBt JJTO BOM, 



««IT IMPORTERS 0F TB PERCVI AN GUANO, 

 0,1 to be their duty to the Peruvian Government 



..a recommend Farmers and all others \ 



15 



•** 



on their guard. 



Ubtcarciuir 



^?Sa?t«a5^;Tnd I^a'doTt ion ^particular atten- 

 tat SntfAXTONY GIBBS and SONS think it well 



H 



that poi 



n/ to&t wholesale price at which sound 

 fa been sold by them during the last 



THE GEN K HAL LAND DRAINAGE AND 



L IMPttOVEMENl COMPANY, empowered by Act of 

 Parliament to execute all works of Drainage (including out- 

 falls through adjoining estates), to erect Farm Buildings, and 

 carry out every kind of permanent improvement upon estates 

 under settlement ; to provide the money, or to enable the land, 

 owner to employ his own capital, and execute the works by his 

 agents, and to secure repayment of the outlay by charge on the 

 property improved spread over a number of years. 



Applications for the execution of works to be addressed to 

 William Clifford, Secretary. 



Offices, 52, Parliament-street, London. 



- * ^L made by Dialers at a'lower price must therefore 

 W £tl S-i T V them, or the article mustjeadulterated. 



^TXoNDON MANURE COMPANY beg to 



nrfer asunder, CORN MANURE, most valuable for 

 J- r » . « __' s. .~.i t'««t«. finnornhosnhate of Lime. 



dressmg- 



fjffiflf 



tart ^f&ciil Manure ; also a constant supply of English 



m rriden Linsee-1-cake. Peruvian Guano guaranteed the 



SSlJimportation of Messrs. A. Gibbs and Sons, 91. 105. per 



*3T^ 9/ bi. in quantities of 5 tons and upwards. 



ion, or */. m. in «iu Edward Purser, Secretary. 



4«, Bridge.stree ^Blackfriarg, London 



The following Manures are manu- 



al factored at Mr. Lawes's Factory, Deptford Creek : 



Clover Manure, per ton £11 



Taraip Manure, do. ... • J Jj 



Saperpbosphate of Lime 7 u 



fiolphuric Acid and Coprolites ... ... 5 



Office, 69, King William-street, City, London. 

 JLB. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 16 per < 

 Ammonia, 91. 105. per ton ; and for 5 tons or more, 9i. 

 on, in dork. Sulphate of Ammonia, Ac. 









 







f 



"TRTIFICIAL MANURbS. — PRIVATE IN- 



XJL STRUCTIONS in Chemical Analysis and the most ap- 

 proved methods of making Artificial Manures are given by 

 J. C. NisRiT, F.C.S., F.G.S., at the Laboratories, scientific 

 School, Is, Kennington-lane, London. 



Analyses of Soils, Manures, Minerals, &c, performed as 

 usual, on moderate tenns.__ 



i^UANO AND OTHER MANURES.— Peruvian 



VJT Guano of the finest quality ; Superphosphate of Lime ; 

 Gypsum ; Salt ; Nitrate of Soda; Moffat's Patent Concentrated 

 City Sewage Manure, and all others of known value.— Apply to 

 Marc Fother qill, 204, U pper Thames-street, London. 



AN (Gratis), fresh from the pits.— Apply to Essex 



and Sons, 28, Stanhope-street, Clare Mari&et, London, in 

 the immediate neigh bourhood of Covent Garden. 



NEW TURNIP MANURE, 50s. a Ton.— Mr. 

 Potter can strongly recommend the above as a cheap 

 and efficieot Manure, and capable of raiiing heavy crops. 

 Delivered free on rail. The Bags to be returned or paid for. 



POTTER'S GUANO, 11, per ton ; SUPERPHOSPHATE OF 

 L[ME, U. per ton ; GYPSUM, lbs. per ton, including bags and 

 delivery on rail. — 28, Clapnam-roau- place, London. 



OSE FOR LIQUID MANURE, Fire-engine, 



and agricultural purposes, made of canvass, linen and 

 coated with gutia purcha ; it is about one-third the price ot 

 leather or india-rubber, will convey liquids of all kinds under 

 a heavy pressure, it is extensifely used at the Government 

 public works ; also by the navy, and amongst agriculturists, 

 giving universal satisfaction. Testimonials and prices may be 

 obtained of Messrs. Burgess and Key, 103, Newgate-street, sole 

 manufacturers. — London Agents : Messrs. Deane, Dray, and 

 Deane, Swan-lane; Messrs. Tilley, Blackfriar»-road.— Couutry 

 Agents: Messrs. Ransome and Parsons, Ipswich; Messrs. J. 

 and S. Johnson, Liverpool ; Messrs. Dickson, Hull ; Mr. S. 

 Wilson, Agent for Scotland. 



STEPHENSON~and Co., 61, Gracechurch-street, 

 London, and 17, New Park-street, Southwark, Inventors 

 and Manufacturers of the Improved CONICAL and DOUBLE 

 CYLINDRICAL BOILERS, respectfully solicit the attention of 

 scientific Horticulturists to their much improved method of 

 applying the Tank System to Pineries, Propagating Houses, 

 4c, by which atmospheric heat as well as oottom-heat is 

 secured to any required degree, without the aid of pipes or Hues. 

 S. and Co. have also to state that at the request ot numer us 

 friends they are now making their Boilers of Iron, as well as 

 Copper, by which the cost is reduced. These Boilers, which 

 are now so well known, scarcely require description, but to 

 those who have not seen them in operation, prospectuses will 

 be forwarded, as well as reference of the highest authority ; or 

 they may be seen at most of the Nobility's seats and principal 

 Nurseries throughout the kingdom. 



S. and Co. beg to inform the Trade that at their Manufactory, 

 17, New Park-street, every article required for the construction 

 of Horticultural Buildings, as well as for heating them, may 

 be obtained upon the most advantageous terms. 



Conservatories, &c, of Iron or Wood, erected upon the most 

 ornamental designs. Balconies, Palisading, Field and Garden 

 Fences, Wire-work. <fec. 



PURE WATER raised to any height from a small 

 stream, where a fall can be obtained, by FREEMAN ROE 



and HANSON'S IMPROVED RAM; less waste, by two-thirds, 

 than those ordinarily in use. Portable Steam Engines for Agri- 

 cultural purposes, Threshing Machines, Deep- well Pumps, 

 Water-wheels, Baths, Hot-water Apparatus, and Fountains. 

 Towns supplied with Gas or Water. Drawings and Estimates 

 made.— Freeman Roe and Hanson, Hydraulic and Gas Engi- 

 neei ! 8 lij j ace » 70 » St ran d, Londo n. 



FOR WATERING GARDENS, DISTRIBUTING LIQUID 



MANURE, BREWERS' USE, <fcc. 



PATENT VULCANISED INDIA RUBBER HOSE-PIPES 



AND FLEXIBLE GAS TUBING. 



TAMES LYNE HANCOCK (sole Licensee 



Manufacturer, Goswell-road, London. 



These Pipes are well adapted for Watering Gardens, 

 jaying Liquid Manure, racking Beer and Cider, for portable 

 <*aa Lamps, and all purposes where a perfectly sound Water- 

 proof and Flexible Pipe is required. Hot Liquors or Acids do 

 not injure them ; they are, therefore, much used for Chemical 

 Purposes, as they require no oil or dressing when out of use ; 

 are particularly suitable for Fire Engines, and are found ex- 

 ceedingly useful in dwelling houses for conveying Hot or Cold 

 Water to Baths, &c. 



Testimonials and prices may be had on application to the 



Manufactory. 



N.B. Vulcanised India Rubber Garden Hose, fitted up with 

 * os «»i Jets, and Branches complete, with union joints ready 

 10 *tjtach to pumps or water cisterns. 



AU Orders or Letters addressed to J. L. Hancock, Goswell- 

 **•*•» Goswell-road, London, will meet with immediate 



attention, 



a^'terproof Fishing Boots and Stockings, Portable India- 

 Ktjbber Boats, Shower and Sponging Baths, Air Cushions and 

 ***•, made all sixes to order. 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. 



rpHE ANNUAL COUNTRY MEETING of 1851 



JL will be held, by the gracious permission of Her Majesty 

 and Prince Albert,in the HOME PARK, WINDSOR, in the 

 week commencing MONDAY, the 14th of JULY. 



Copies of the Prize Sheet, containing the terms conditions, 

 and amount of the respective Prizes, and the Rule* of Exhibi- 

 tion, and also copies of the requisite printed Forms of Certificate, 

 may be obtained on application to the Secretary, 12, Hanover- 

 square, London. All Certificates must be returned, filled up, 



to the Secretary, on or before the 17th of May. ^ Co " nc ; 11 

 having decided that in no case whatever shall auy Certificate 



be received after that date. 



In the application for Certificates, the Character and Age of 

 the Animals to be exhibited should be stated, in order that the 

 proper Forms of Certificate may be sent. 



By order of the Council, James Hudson, Secretary. 



12, Hanover-square, London. M ay 17. 



OYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF 



ENGLAND. 

 THE MAY GENERAL MEETING of the Society will be 

 held at the Society's House, in Hanover Square, on T HURSD A\ , 

 the 22d May at 12 o'clock. 



By order of the Council, James Hddson, Secretary. 



London, Ma y 17, 1851. 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. 



THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF 

 ENGLAND is desirous of receiving Tenders from Inn- 

 keepers or others, to contract for the supply of a Cold Dinner 

 for 2000 persons in the Society's Pavilion, in the Home Park, 

 Windsor, on Wednesday the 16th of July, 1851. Printed forms 

 of Tender may be obtained on application to the Secretary, 

 at the Office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover-square, London; 

 and they must be returned to him, filed up, on or before Monday 

 the 9th of June, 1851, the Society, however, not biuding itself 

 to take the lowest Tender.— By order of the Council, 



Loudon, 14th May. James Hudson, Secretary. 



JEfte agricultural <Ba*ttte 



SA TURD A Y, MA Y 17, 1851. 



MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING 



Wednesday, May 21- Agricultural Society of England. 



TsuaiAv, — 22— Agricultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland. 



Wednesday, — 28-A*ricultural Society of En*laud. 



TauESuii, — 29 -Agricultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland. 



On former occasions we have adverted to one of 

 the fallacies which has crept into agricultural 

 geology, and which has contributed much to retard 

 its progress — the assumption of a more intimate 

 connection than has any existence in nature between 

 the rock formations and the soils which cover 

 them. The exception has, in this case, been mis- 

 taken for the rule. It would be easy to show on 

 agricultural evidence, even with the scanty informa- 

 tion which we at present possess, that local soils— 

 that is, soils derived wholly from the rock imme- 

 diately below them, are confined to particular 

 situations, as, for instance, to steep escarpments, 

 and to certain elevations. This holds good, whether 

 we examine limited areas, and trace the variations 

 of soil over the several formations, or whether we 

 regard the British isles as one geological district, 

 which has been subject to that series of operations 

 by which the superficial deposits were formed, 

 denuded, and rearranged. Viewed in this light, 

 those larger areas, which are the least encumbered 

 with these deposits, will be found to owe this 

 immunity to the elevations at which they occur, 

 or to the form of the surface ; and though such 

 districts constitute the strongholds of those who 



^ — — — — 



of the new red sandstone, it turns, to the south-east, 

 and maintains that direction for ibout 25 miles, 

 skirting the edge of the upper silurian shales and 

 limestones of the Wrekin and Wenlock Edge, with 

 their associated trap rocks. At the gorgo of the iron 

 bridge it crosses those strata and the coa! measures 

 of Coal-Brook Dale ; and, turning southwards, re- 

 enters the new red sandstone, through which it 

 flows by Worcester to Tewkesbury ; except for i small 

 portion of its course, between Alveley and Bevrdley, 

 which lies through the coal measures. Near Wor- 

 cester, it receives tribute from the old red, chiefly 

 through the medium of the Teame ; while further 

 1 south, silurian and trap detritus is brought down by 

 some minor streams from the Malverns and the 

 Woolhope Valley. At Tewkesbury the confluence 

 of the Warwickshire Avon takes place, which has 

 flowed through lias and the marls of the new red. 

 Through these rocks the Severn, thus augmented, 

 holds its onward course bv Gloucester to Berkeley, 

 touching the old red on 'its right bank, from near 

 Newnham to the coast opposite Berkeley. On the 

 left bank, at Berkeley, the great alluvial tract of the 

 Severn commences ; south of that point the Wye, 

 the Taff, and rivers of smaller note, pour down, on 

 the west, detritus from the old red, the carboniferous 

 limestone, and the coal measures. On the east the 

 Avon of Somersetshire, the Parret, the Axe, and the 

 Brue, add to the spoils of these rocks, those of the 

 lower oolite, the lias, and the new red. 



The stream of the fair Sabrina was bright and 

 pure when it commenced its course in regions (if 

 we may credit the author of " Comus," who, we 

 fear, had more poetical than geological authority for 

 the assertion), where its 



" Billows roll ashore 

 The beryll, and the golden ore." 



It terminates, amid the slime and mud of the Bristol 

 Channel, contaminated, like many bright beginnings, 

 with numerous defilements contracted in its course ; 

 and among the varied materials held in suspension 

 by the turbid waters, agitated by the billows, and 

 borne to and fro by the tide, who will venture to 

 refer each particle to its source 1 Who will venture 

 to indicate the characters impressed, by a given rock 

 formation, on the ooze urn deposited by the muddy 

 current, wherever it finds a resting-place ; or on the 

 soil of the rich alluvial plain which extends from 

 Berkeley to Bridgewater, and which was deposited, 

 in a similar manner, in bygone centuries, under 

 relative levels of land and sea, differing slightly from 

 the present ? Nor is it only from the many rock 

 formations enumerated above that the mixed cha- 

 racter, and with the mixed character, the fertility 

 of this alluvial soil, has been derived. The plain of 

 the new red sandstone from Shrewsbury and Wor- 



sand, 



in great 

 small detritus of 



Lilt/ Ai^ VT A^VA OlAUUgWVUV **v»** ~ — m ^ - - -^ j 



cester is deeply covered with deposits of 



* which contain : ~ 



clay, loam, and 

 abundance 



and 





gravel, 



large blocks, 



granite and other crystalline rocks, as well as of 

 slate rocks, derived from Westmoreland and Scot- 

 land. Atmospheric action and the eroding and 

 transporting powers of running water, must have 

 acted even more powerfully and extensively on these 

 incoherent superficial accumulations, than on the 

 more consolidated strata which occasionally rise 



Much fragmentary matter, both fine 

 and coarse, which had been borne, under the influ- 

 ence of the glacial sea of the pliocene period, 

 from regions distant some hundreds of miles, must 

 have been mingled in this way with local detritus 

 derived from the rocks which bound the area drained 



through them. 



derive all soils from the real substrata, the assumed by the river and its tributaries. The alluvial soil of 



and) 



con- 



surface of geological maps, they merely exhibit on 

 a large scale that dependance of the distribution of 

 soils on contours which is apparent on a smaller 

 scale, when we examine minor districts in detail. 



It is not our intention to pursue the subject fur- 

 ther at present. We propose rather to point out 

 another fallacy which has met with too ready cre- 

 dence, namely, the assumed variation in the charac- 

 ter of alluvial soils, with the variation in the rock 

 formations through which the rivers which deposit 

 them have flowed. This is only true of the alluvium 

 near the head-waters of the large rivers, and on the 

 banks of their minor tributaries. Near their mouths, 

 where the principal alluvial tracts are situated, such 

 deposits must be of a very mixed character, com- 

 posed of fine detritus derived from a great variety 

 of formations. This will be evident, whether we 

 examine the course of the Severn or of the Thames, 

 of the Humber, or of the various streams which 

 discharge their w r aters into the estuary of the Wash. 

 Let us commence with the Severn : it rises among 

 the slates and sandstones of the lower silurian 

 group ; through which it flows southwards for 

 about 50 miles, gathering strength as it goes 



w From a thousand petty rills 

 That tumble down the snowy hilla,** 



when it emerges from amid the mountains com- 

 posed of these ancient strata, and enters the plain 





the Severn will, therefore, contain materials derived 

 more or less from every rock formation in England, 

 except those portions of the upper secondary strata, 

 which lie to the eastward of the great central water- 

 shed of the island. The variations of soil in different 

 parts of this or of any alluvial tract, may be traced, 

 moreover, to different velocities in the currents from 

 which the materials were deposited, rather than to 

 differences in the composition of the rocks from 

 which they were derived. When the muddy waters 

 of the Humber and the Trent are spread over 

 land which it is intended to improve by the 

 process of warping, it is found that the quality 

 of the soil is regulated by the velocity of the 

 current from which it is deposited. Near the 

 point of entrance where the waters flow briskly, 

 nothing subsides but the coarser particles ; 

 and the soil is too sandy. To the remoter 

 portions, where the current is sluggish, nothing is 

 borne but the finer argillaceous particles, and too 

 clayey a soil is produced. The richest soil is found 

 in an intermediate situation, where a due inter- 

 mixture of sand and clay forms a rich friable loam. 

 So well are these facts understood, that the great 

 art of successful warping consists in reducing them 

 to practice, by so regulating the current, as 

 eventually to distribute this loamy ^ deposit over the 

 whole area to be improved ; covering with it those 



