a; 6 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 



C. labiate picta, 161. ; Epideiulrum vitellinum majus/21/.; 

 Saccolabiuin giittatuwi, 10/. 10s.; S. pramorsum, 13J ■ 

 Aerides odoratum purpurascens, 211. ; 

 13/. 10*.: A. affine rubrum. 13/.: A. <iuin< 



■ — * 



maculosum, 



milk 



oz. 



I 01 aiJV CVLUUliug Jii<iua, juu matvc ib ami j uur 



It must be put on with a paint brush, and, when 

 econd coat should be given. The quantity named 



lit. y ui'iiuruvium is<uiiuu».viuiuiji, i^"« •— j - — 



Tiolaeea, 181. ; V. tricolor, 1 0/. 10s.; V. Roxburgh, 1 21. ; 

 Angnccum caudatum, ft Is. Other lots, of which there 

 were in all 300, fetched from \l. to 67. per lot. 



Whiteicath .—T like 2 quarts of skimmed 

 of fresh -slaked lime; 2 lbs. of whiting; or the same 

 proportions for any large quantity. Put the lime into 

 a stone vessel, and pcur upon it a sufficient quantity 

 of milk to make a mixture resembling cream ; then add 

 the remainder of the material. When this is done, 

 crumble and spread tlie whiting on the surface of the 

 fluid, in which it will gradually sink. It must then be 

 well stirred, or ground as any other paint. By the 

 tddition of any colouring matter, you make it suit your 



fancy. 



dry, a second coat _ m 



is sufficient for 2 J square yards. Belfast Journal of the 



Chemico-A rkultural Society. 



Heat of Plants. — All living bodies have a temperature 

 peculiar to themselves ; that is to say, they have a 

 temperature different from, and independent of, those 

 that surround them. This temperature is intimately 

 connected with their nature, and is modified according 

 to the different conditions in which they may be. This 

 necessary consequence of the successive changes which 

 organic matter undergoes during life, is in its turn one 

 of the causes which preserve organised bodies, and by 

 *hieh animal and vegetable life are protected from 

 destruction or dissolution, which external circumstances 

 would not be long in producing. It is this peculiar 

 temperature which permits animals to inhabit regions 

 of the globe that on account of their cold would be 

 uninhabitable ; which allows the development of aquatic 

 ^vegetables in frozen water ; which defends trees against 

 winter, and which, in tropical regions, causes vegetables 

 to withstand a temperature often too high for their 

 organisation. The observations upon the elevated 

 temperature in the flowers of Aroideous plants in 

 general, have shown that this phenomenon takes place 

 in a high degree, and originates in a sort of combustion, 

 that is to say, an absorption of oxygen and emission of 

 carbonic acid. Very recently a high degree of tempe- 

 rature has been observed in a plant belonging to a 

 family in which that phenomenon has not been noticed 

 before. Mr. Teysman, chief gardener at Buitenzorg 

 (in Java) in 1845, has informed me that he has 

 observed an elevated temperature, and at the same time 

 a very strong smell, in the male cone of Cycas circinalis. 

 I received from him, in October, 1849, and November, 

 1850, seven series of observations, made in the afore- 

 said garden, upon male flowers of this plant. What is 

 most remarkable in these observations is connected with 

 the following facts. The elevation of the temperature 

 always takes place between 6— 10 o'clock in the evening. 

 Messrs, Bory (in the Isle of France) and Hasscarl 

 (in Java) have observed the maximum at 6 in the 

 morning. DeSaussnre observed it in the Arum Italicum 

 between 4—7 in the evening ; and the Colocasia odora 

 m the gardens of Paris, Amsterdam, and Leyden has 

 always attained its maximum at noon. This periodical 

 production of heat, differing in different climates and in 

 flowers of different families, has not yet been accounted 

 for. It appears from the inspection of the tables of 

 several hundreds of observations, that the maximum 

 has varied between 2— 14° C., and the difference has been 

 3vo— 4-50*. It is acknowledged that in general the 

 •coloured parts among the appendicular organs in vege- 

 tables have an absorption and exhalation contrary°to 

 those of green parts. The oxygen is absorbed, carbonic 

 acid is exhaled. Both take place in organs where the 

 elevated temperature is shown in a high degree. It is 

 proved that this phenomenon is constantly preceded and 

 accompanied by rapid growth in the flower. Nothing 

 prevents us from admitting that the same action actually 

 takes place in the male cone of Cycas, where the rapid 

 development of pollen, or the formation of cells which 

 compose it, should surpass all that has been observed in 

 this respect in the vegetable kingdom. We shall 

 endeavour to prove it by the following calculation. 

 The male cone, of which I have given the description 

 elsewhere is (in metres) 0450 long, and 0200 broad, 

 lne sum of the external surface is difficult to estimate, 

 on account of the irregular form of the organ, but it 

 cannot be considerable. In calculating the number of 

 scales at 3o00, and the surface of each of them at four 

 square centimetres, the whole sum of the organs which 

 compose the cone should be equal to 14,000 square 

 centimetres. The surface of the scales at the underside 



18 a°1 mth unilocuIar anthers almost contiguous, 



*"Jf th e number of these anthers may be calculated at 

 400. Thus the total number of these anthers might be 

 calculated at 1,400,000. Each anther contains several 

 thousands of granules of pollen, which in a very short 

 space of time undergo, in their cavities, all the necessary 

 organic, physical, and chemical changes. It is easy to 

 admit that the alternate absorption and emission of ^as 



//J!z. ? P r d a p r°? r?> ™ U8t have an iffi P°rtant part! 

 -Hooker's Journal of Botany. ^ 





tered and partially shaded situation. Cacti should be 

 set out in a sunny place, which is better adapted to 

 their succulent habit ; and we find that their growth is 

 more robust, and that they flower with greater freedom, 

 from being placed in front of a south wall during the 

 latter part of the summer, and watering them occasion- 

 ally with weak liquid manure. Plants which are useful 

 for autumn and winter flowering, such as Euphorbia. 

 Eranthemum, Justicia, Vinca, Begonia, Gesnera, Gar- 

 denia, Franciscea, Jasminum, Aphelandra, Poinsettia, 

 Torenia, Cactus truncatus, &c, should continue to re- 

 ceive every encouragement in the way of rich soil, liberal 

 pot-room, and an adequate amount of heat and mois- 

 ture, in order that they may form healthy, handsome 

 specimens. It is well also to propagate some young 

 plants of many of these kinds, as they will be useful for 

 flowering in small pots this season, and may be grown 

 on to make larger specimens for next. All free-grow- 

 ing plants should have weak manure water once or 

 twice a week, according to the progress which the roots 

 have made towards the sides of the pots. 



FLOWER GARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES. 



Hyacinths, Tulips, and other bulbs, whose foliage is 

 now fully matured, should be taken. up, dried, cleaned, 

 and stored in an airy room till autumn. It is a common 

 practice to throw away the old bulbs which have been 

 forced, or to stick them into some out-of-the-way border, 

 and take no further notice of them ; but they are well 

 worthy of a greater share of attention. If, after being 

 well ripened, they are taken out of the soil, carefully 

 stored in a dry room during their season * of rest, and 

 in autumn replanted in beds of light rich soil, a healthy 

 stock will be established in a few years, and from these 

 the largest and soundest bulbs can annually be selected 

 for forcing. Of the remainder, those which are large 

 enough to flower at all may be planted in the flower 

 garden, where they are highly ornamental during the 

 spring months, and are at the same time preparing 

 themselves for forcing in future years. Therefore let all 

 the old bulbs you have in or out of ground, be taken 

 care of till the planting season arrives. Hollyhocks, 

 Dahlias, Delphiniums, Phloxes, and other herbaceous 

 plants, must be neatly tied to good strong stakes ; but 

 this is very different to bundling them up in such a 

 manner as to deprive them of light and air. The 

 object of tying is to support the weight of the plants ; 

 but, at the same time, light and air should be freely 

 admitted amongst the branches. In tying the Holly- 

 hock, it is a common practice to bind up six or eight 

 shoots !to one stake, in which case the flowers are 

 almost entirely concealed by the leaves. The proper 

 way is to select a few of the strongest shoots of each 

 plant, and tie them to separate stakes, placed suffi- 

 ciently distant to admit light and air ; so treated the 

 flowers display themselves to advantage, and their 

 appearance is truly noble. The Hollyhock looks par- 

 ticularly well when in groups ; single stems have but a 

 stiff and formal appearance. 



State of the Wenther 



as observed 



June. 





o 



c 



s 



Friday.. 6 



SatuT. .. 7 



Sunday • 8 



Monday 9 



Tuei. ,. 10 



Wed. .. 11 



Thurg... 12 



Horticultural Gard\VctV^^ 



Babombtsb. 



A V*rj|<y» 



3 



8 



9 



10 



11 



12 



Max. 



29.950 

 29.96i 



29.960 

 29.963 



29.720 



29.990 

 29.737 



June 6— Boisterous ; cloudy and fine, 



7-Den8ely overcast; slight rain- c ] nn A„ . 3 . 

 rain ; overcast. • cloud r *** windy, 



*% 



S— Slightly clouded and boiaternn*. iU«^i , 



9 - Slight rain, drizzly. Bomer0U8 • *<***\y clouded at a * 



m- ^ CU . C(J tiuuucu; ram. — 



Mean temperature of the week. 2} deg. below the 



aight. 



"emie. 



State of the Weather at Chiswick, during the w 2^ r«~ , ^ 



ensuing week, ending J UQ e 21, 1SS1. W ^ h * 



Sunday 15 

 Mon, 1^ 

 Tuea. 17 

 Wed. 18 

 Thurs. 19 

 Friday 20 

 Satur. 21 



■ ■ - — t 



The highest temperature during the abew* n**nA ««« . 

 UM-tfa.tm.H3d*.? and the loweft If the U^SSS^SSaZ ** 



Calendar of Operations, 



(For the ensuing week.) 



PLANT DEPARTMENT. 



Many plants, such as early-forced Azaleas, which 

 have occupied the houses up to the present period, may 

 now mth advantage be placed out of doors, in a Zl 



- . HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. 



Hie shoots which are retained on wall fruit-trees will 

 now require attention in nailing or tying, as the fruitful- 

 ness of the trees very much depends upon the shoots 

 not being allowed to crowd or interfere one with another; 

 and if their ornamental appearance, in an artistical point 

 of view, is any object, the shoots should be laid in at 

 proper angles while they are young. Continue pinch- 

 ing the points of Gooseberry and Currant shoots, and 

 especially where they are blighted ; it is a very quick 

 way of destroying myriads of insects, while at the same 

 time it forms a necessary part of the cultivation of the 

 plant. Continue the exterminating process wherever 

 insects make their appearance, as well upon the smaller 

 bush fruits as upon the wall trees. The garden engine 

 should be at work every night and morning upon these 

 and the walls. Early Cherries particularly require 

 this as the black fly is making its appearance, and if not 

 destroyed m time will soil the fruit as well as injure the 

 leaves. Where common tilts have been adopted as a 

 means of keeping Strawberry fruit clean, they should 

 occasionally be turned up, by which a congregation of 

 snails, beetles,and other injurious insects, will be exposed 

 to view and may be easily destroyed. The facility with 

 which this may be done gives the tiles a great advan- 

 tage over Grass or straw, as the latter materials harbour 

 insects without affording the means of getting at them. 



_ T KITCHEN GARDEN. 



INo crops after this time should be sown so thickly as 

 to require much thinning, for in hot -dry weather 

 considerable injury , s thereby done to the' plants which 

 are retained. Plants sown now for future transplanting 

 should be much thinner than would have been thought 

 necessary a month or six weeks back ; this is to allow 

 them a longer period to grow before they will need to 



fully lifted with large balls of earth. Make regular 

 sowings of Turnips and Spinach, and of LettucesanJ 

 other salads once in two or three weeks ; sow a bed of 

 Carrots and of Onions for using in a young state -a™ 

 as small roots of Beet are generall/^ed V iTte 

 crop of them should now be sown. A^ sowing should be 

 made f the Vanack, Early Dwarf, or ° Sugar-loaf 

 Cabbage, for late summer and autumn use ; In d of 

 Lnigh s Protecting Broccoli, or some other good sort 



SLm f Sprnl l U f Card00I1S shouId »ow be tran^ 

 planted from the frames or pots, choosing a moist or 



dull day for the purpose, and watering them afterwards 



m hot weather till they are thoroughly established. Let 



the leaves of Garlic be tied in knots or twisted, to check 



its growth, and assist thereby the development of the 





Notices to Correspondents. 



Balsams : R B says, that last year his Balsams were mu± 

 ficen*, every flower large and very double ; hetookpartiS 

 care in saving the seed, which this- year has proSS 

 nothing but worthless single blooms, not a double flower* 

 of a hundred. He asks for an explanation from *m 

 Balsam grower, who perhaps will tell him whether Baltu 

 seed is betterjor more likely to produce double flownf 

 three or four years old ? 



Books : A Z. Saunders's " Practical Treatise on the Cultmtf 

 the Vine."* W * 



Greenhoube : 8 C. We never heard of a galvanised m 

 greenhouse, and have no knowledge of the cost of inch 1 

 structure. It would certainly be a very bad sort of how, 

 unfit for plants to live in. 



Gutta Pebcha : A M C. This is not an American production 

 bat comes from the islands of the Indian Arcbipelifo, 

 Caoutchouc is produced by various trees in both the oldiai 

 new worlds. We will examine the small bodies at leisure. 



Insects : A R. We were unable to rear the insects sent bj j« 

 last July. W.— T F. As well as we can judge from tfc 

 shrivelled state of the specimen, the minute insect founds 

 the bottle of filtered water is a very young lam of 1 

 Stratiomys, which is aquatic in its early stages. W.-IC, 

 The insects found on the leaves of the Cucumbtr, which job 

 have mistaken for spiders, are a species of garden mi* 

 (Acarus hortensis. See figure in our publication for tie 

 present year, March 22, p. 181, figure B). If repeated and 

 careful fumigation in very close frames is not found » 

 answer, try the plan of laying traps of dead leave:", which 

 should be dipped from time to time in boiling water. JP.- 

 A Subscriber. The larva which has burrowed Jnto theBircji 

 shoot is a middle-sized caterpillar of the wood leopard aw* 

 (Zeuxera JEaculu See Gardener f Chronicle 1846, p. J*,** 

 figures of its different states). )K 



Labdrnum* : Cytisus. The production of purple and jeMj 

 flowers by the same Laburnum is confined to a plant caiw 

 Cytisus Adami, an accidental garden " sport," concernicr. 

 which you will find much discussion in former volumes ofU* 

 n -»- — ' /-»*..,«..» ^«?« Ki-»f *kq t*.^a rvricfin of which iauncertaiflt 



It is very common no w-a- days 



it 



Die. „ p 



Names of Plants: O R. 1, Epacris micropbflla; : a, b. 



inow-a-aays. , 



Manure : Exeter. Burnt .ov^ter-shells have the same vaias 

 and action as lime, and no more, 



nivalis ; 3, Acrophjllum venosum.-^ Jf. h ™f JjSJJJJ r . 

 2, Sedum Anacampseros ; 3, Erica Bo wieana.-Sp. vwvac^ 



nuta 

 Ros 



ponica ; 

 cidiuni • 



Meadia. 



a.- Querent. Tbe Rose-leaves are mlested W V"™ 



» ; tbe Mentha is incana of Sole, referred m sj.temaoe 



works to M. sjlvestris as a well marked Mn*J.-J " .' 



Umbelliferous plants cannot be named from tnew k. . 



jours may or may not be yEtbusa Cynapium , , JU£»£. 

 " Carexc*spitosa.-C^{. MasdevalUamtractt^ 



._ W T. Clianthus pumceus, and Dodecw 



- E W, Bexley Raphanns /*§*™«^ J^ 

 *cHoer. Hermanma gg-™-^' JJ £ further *. 



Peach Tbees : S S S. Your Peach blossoms 1 h ^^Z 

 destroy edf and the trees being young an °. 0T ^;7^ nc h arf 

 may carefully root-prune next month, .wg ou .* ^^ 

 shorten some of the large roots to a lateral, in u> ^ 

 check the over-luxuriaut shoots by P 10 **!?*- '""nW 

 their points : while weak branches shomdUaTeer^ 



ragement. If you can equally distribute lh r e «^ e ** B J 

 trees will have but .little occasion for ^"^IcstW 

 Peak Teses : A A. We have received J^^J^f^ lesrj 



ipP eirWf» 



ascertain. - 

 side ration. 



and are unable to suggest tneir cause. -*-* ' _ 

 have been remarked in other plants. *»• J ,V\ ^re u* 

 they had been struck by hail ; but we • W^J, pri** 

 reason to suppose such to have been the ong i ^^ 

 some inquiries now instituted by us may leaato 

 of the enigma. - • ■— ■ »* "• 



Kostic Temples: E M E. You may see sucn .1 ^^ 

 King's.road, Chelsea; and, we believe, in »» 



not far from the Broadway. _«.*<„.. *1 is slate;* 1 



Tank: Byihe. The cheapest and ^st materu ^ ^ 

 next best is wood lined with lead The lattery m ^ ^ ^ 

 sive than the first, but not cheaper, Decau* 



in time. # . ml M ewe d at a& W 



Tines : R E C. Your Vines are not mildewea 



you have done to them we cannot i 01 ^}";; f po****? 

 Wxreworm: J Abell. Insert thick slice • o . Qterft b 



Turnipa in the beds, edgeways ; « a » 1 ^ ™ t be wroDg » 

 and secure the depredators. You ^"J^ to 

 applying pickle and guano-water w 

 Asparagus, t 



SEEDLING FLOWERS 



to atf** 



Pansiss : RR. A large showy ▼•™V , Jv"i.» h* sen* 



It might he 



I 



ft** 



but rather coarse ; colours rich 



good second class flower.* n9n in6gB from -^ 



are good.* " - « ,„.— . 



post.* 



s, your flower is aepui«». »■ 



WR. Smashed to pieces in 

















\ 







