«WiBi(M*iiaTij(**^»^«r9*jT'tm3vte.vr-?i*i firs' - 



GAZE 



the hose, manure 10 acres a day. Of the 400 

 acres, 70 are under green crops consumed in tne 



EntimatiDfl the roots at a medium crop oi 



liaxities and ingenious contrivances attaching to the 

 reral varieties of chaff-cutters, and not attemptm 



Mary Wedlake and 



se\ 



« 



yard. 



26 ton the straw at 300 tons, and tne itaiiau 



Grass, cut thrice, at 20 tons ; this with 1000 toi 



*-- „ J f.,r- AiUxttxA tKo liftni<I. and dissol 



particular description of any one. % 



Co exhibit a small chaff engine, having a bruiser fixed 



upon one side of the box, so as to be actuated by the 



main shaft, and which can be put in or out of gear. In 



~ one of Garrett's chaff-cutters we observed an excellent 



The dis- arra ugement of the weight which presses the material 



' " "' be cut : if the feed is increased beyond a certtm 





the solid manure, amounts to 4000 tons 



fn'lmtinn of it over the farm was calculated ny tne . w ue CUi . u lXiW AV>WVA « „ — ».-- . , 



d puIXT to "i;«, including engine r^*7ZZ?^JSftt2&K5fiSt 



r •.• ,- i . • i ' „* j «.-a^r and tear ol t at itR end. rises so as to take a second weigus uu ure 



kii pro *' 



when the crop is ready to be p\JUj ^***l 

 only is intended, without any re**™!' *^ 

 whole produce is pulled at once • then ** ' 

 grown, the male plants ar* «L* J 1 !* 1 ** 





carting, turning, filling, carting again, 

 ing, they made amount, at Is. a ton, 

 The conveyance, then, of the sewage of towns to a 

 distance into the country, by means of underground 

 pipes, appears to be practicable and economical, and 

 the distribution of it over the farm by means of a 

 minor system of pipes, equally practicable and 

 economical. For proof of the former, we appeal to 

 the practice of the metropolitan water companies ; 

 for proof of the latter, to the practic^of Mr. Ken- 

 nedy, of Myremills. That, however, only goes to 

 the distribution of the liquid manure of the farm. 

 The value of the sewage of towns, and whether its 



such as to repay the cost of 



manuring powers _ ^ 



application, are independent questions, which will 

 require separate consideration. E. TV. 



REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTION 



OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. 

 No. Vll L— Chapf-Cu 



lexis are present in every form. 

 The economical supply of food in cattle feeding is one of 

 the most moment' <us points of husbandry; and anefheient 

 chaff-cutter, requiring hut a small amount of motive 

 power, is certainly one of the most valuable agents 

 towards effecting it. Many kinds of these machines 

 have been invented ; and it becomes important to 

 ascertain whether boxes with radial knives, or knives 

 npon a transverse cylinder — whether one or more 

 knives — whether ratchets or worms or 



m* 



pulleys or 



are best for their respective purposes. 



We cannot here enter into a discussion upon these 



points ; but we may mention the result of the trial of the 



best chaff-cutters of different sorts at Exeter ; the 



general excellence of each standing forth in comparative 



numbers in the table. Several of the machines now in 



the Exhibition were tried in cutting chaff | of an inch 

 in length. 



Names, 



Comparative Amount of Power ia 

 CFjQits tbat would be required to cut 



112 lbs. of Chuff. - 



• • » 



Smith aod Co. 

 Richmond and Chandler 



Garrett 



Comes 

 Williams 



■ • • 



• . • 



• » • 



• • ■ 



• * . 



• « • 



*%♦ 



• - . 



20,407 

 33,152 

 2.9,792 

 23,096 

 23,3*1 



The work performed by Cornes's was found to be the 

 best ; and although the power required to drive it was 

 somewhat more than for Smith's, the prize was awarded 

 to the former. The most generally employed form of 

 knife, as exemplified in Cornes's, Smith's, Stanley's, and 

 other chaff engines, is radial and curved— its cutting 

 edge being on the convex side ; and either one, two, or 



three knives are affixed to the fly-wlreel. Instead of 

 direct chop, these knives give a quickly drawn cut— 



are 





the 



that, ia Smith's machine, five feet of cutting edge *™ 

 drawn through a width of straw that might be chopped 

 by a straight knife only a foot and a half long. It is 

 this drawing principle which has rendered the best 

 chaff engines capable of cutting up threshed straw for 

 litter. Different speeds of gear work for alterin 

 length of the cut, seem to be more than ever employed • 

 and with contrivances more or less simple for putting 

 them severally in train. W. P. Stanley, of Peterbo* 

 rough, exhibits a threeJaiived chaff-cutter, in the gear- 

 work of which not only different sized pinions, but also 

 an additional motion is used, sn that a variety of dif- 



* - - ~- ; — «w- , .«v«« u ul only three- as is 

 the case when there is only one additional shaft or axle 

 A lever handle is set into one of three notches— 'the 

 middle one throwing the whole wheel-work out of gear 

 W^K W °r fT °*S* re vewng 4**e motion accord^ 



mg to the wheels then turning the rollers. The lengths 



ight 



there is a 

 pass through, is 

 y aavaniageuua. — ^uu.^u ~~., of Stamford, 

 "seem to have especially devoted their attention to the 

 lessening of the friction of the material upon the bottom 

 and against the sides of the chaff-box, and to the pre- 

 vention of any irregularity or stoppage of the feed. 

 Thus they devised a superior chaff-cutter, in which the 

 wh( le box was made to move forward with the material, 

 which was pinched between an upper roller and a plate 

 upon the bottom of the box. They have now made the 

 box itself a fixture, but the bottom is composed of an 

 endless web, on rollers, which advances with the mate- 

 rial upon it An. upper roller having conical spikes also 

 helps to draw and press the material. There are two 

 radial knives, with convex cutting edge ; and in ad- 

 dition, a series of small vertical saws are made to vibrate 

 up and down in front of the box face, so as thoroughly 

 to cut up the material, and not suffer any straws to 

 escape by coming athwart the box. This machine, 

 owing to its peculiar construction, will effectually cut up 

 straw into litter, and this of any length from { inch to 



5 inches. ,.,.,,. 



Richmond and Chandler, of Manchester, exhibit their 



excellent chaff-machines, with teethed rollers, which 

 claw the material forward ; and Crosskill his thaee- 

 knived cutter, with ribbed and plain rollers, and pulleys 

 of different sizes for altering the length of cut. The 

 patent Guillotine Chaff-cutters, invented by Gillett, of 

 Brailes, near Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire, are so 

 well known as to need no remark ; we believe their 

 efficiency is equal to the ingenuity displayed in them, 

 but the sliding motion, delicate as that of a steam- 

 engine, does not seem to be so well adapted to dusty 

 work and rough usage as the common rotary motion 

 where there is less friction, and where a little, inaccuracy 

 from wearing is of less consequence. 



There are several machines for crushing Gorse ; and 

 though this has always been found a difficult operation, 

 the progress of mechanical art has now furnished the 

 farmer with a means of converting an unprofitable 

 encumbrance into valuable cattle food. Messrs. Barrett, 

 Exall, and Andrewes' Gorse Machine, which obtained 

 the prize at both York and Norwich Shows, is certainly 

 one of the best. Knives diagonally placed upon a 

 cylinder in front of the box cut the Furze, which is 

 then squeezed between rollers underneath. It is adapted 

 both for horse and steam-power. 



Among Cake-breakers, we observed Hornsby's 

 Double Cake-crusher, with its two pairs of rollers toothed 

 with pinnacle points ; Wedlake's, with cam rollers, &c, 

 &c, a great variety, the meritsof which are to be found 



by trial. 



Almost all the greater makers exhibit specimens of 

 corn and seed Bruisers, some in which the grain is 

 broken between plain cylinders, in others between fluted 



■ rollers. Stanley, of Peterborough, Garrett, Wedlake, 

 cut — so I &c., are great in this department. Bean-splitters and 



Portable Flour-mills offer also considerable variety; and 

 machines of this kind, for preparing food for stock, 

 seem now to be indispensable to even the plainest 



| farmer. Stanley exhibits a very neat and convenient 

 arrangement of Barn machinery, in which a Chaff- 

 cutter, Cake-breaker, Turnip-cutter, and Bruiser are 

 all turned from one shaft by a two-horse portable oscil- 

 lating steam-engine. 



August, and the female ones aftenvanki 

 of October, when the seeds are siW^ 

 both ways the stems are tied _ 

 in diameter, and with a rope at each 'end 3 

 then conveyed to the steep f water* 



lirnlprcn the nnprntinn nf w «u. . J 



* 



u *^ 



I 



pulled, 

 are seen to be 3**i 



*fc 



i 



undergo the operation of waterWuin^' S,*! 

 are placed in rows crossing each other *!? ***** 

 under water by blocks and Ihm, ^ ... \****i»i 



outside coat eSbJ* 

 Gra ss, and £!? 



uuuer waick uy uiucks ana logs of wood 

 generally four to ten days, if the weatUtr V 

 not, five or six more, till the outside coa? 

 off. It is then spread out sincrlv nn a. 





4 



Grassiu 





orsii^J 



It is then tied up m large bundles, and cartel i^ 

 or house for breaking, by a machine called & » ^w 

 this is either clone directly, or the bundles are W * 

 to dry for the future purpose. The Hemp beiTsJ 



«*L 



a 



and broken by the hand or mill, is dressed or 

 by being drawn through hickles or keckl< 

 wool-combers 1 tools, only fixed. The Reap ^ 

 broken off by the operation is called " shorts •" tfc ' 

 bound up by itself, and is about the value of'th^W 

 Hemp. The offal is called Hemp sheaves, and m5 

 good fuel. Sometimes the Hemp is dressed toi 

 quality of fineness, or it is made into two or thr* Jk 

 as the demand of purchase may direct. The h«S 

 sells the Hemp to be spun for thread, or hiaietf appi» 

 it to that purpose. Being converted into yarnjit^ 

 sent to the u whitester," who returns it in a % y 

 condition. 



The female plants of Hemp produce the ripened *fc 

 and for that purpose remain longer on the gn» 

 The pulled bundles of tied sterna are stacked up t 

 housed, till the, seed be threshed out. Ia the sprb 

 (January or February) the stems are spread opt 

 Grass, and if the season suits, particularly it cmi 

 with snow, it will come a good colour, and makei 

 strong coarse cloth ; but it is much inferior to Hj» 

 pulled in proper time, aud water-retted or.stapi. 

 Although Hemp, in the process of manuftttoiit- 

 passes through the hands of the breaker, heckler, sj. 

 ner, whitester, weaver, and bleacher, yet many of in 

 operations are frequently carried on by the same pa* 

 Some weavers bleach their own yarn aud cloth ; (Am 

 their cloth only. Some heckle their tow and p 

 it out to spinning ; others buy the tow and put it « 

 and some carry on the whole of the trade themseliei 

 When the trade is conducted by different persons, tk 

 interest* often clash. By under-rettiug the Hemp,tft 

 grower increases the weight ; by slightly bea :, tkt 

 heckler increases the quantity of tow, but leaves it folk. 

 of bark. ; by drawing out the thread beyond the ^ 

 the spinner increases the quantity oi yarn, but idjuw 

 the quality ; by forcing the bleaqhiug, the wkM 

 increases his profit, but diniinishes the strengM fc 

 yarn. In general, in manufacturing cloth, stoDjp • 

 sacrificed to fineness and colour. 



The average produce of an acre of Hemprnj » 

 estimated at 40 stones, or 16*. in money, lteexpe* 







g 



w. 



obtained 



cut vary from i to 24 incheg." The materials "beTxTt 



lie upper one 



forward 



H& JE^WiriLSL" 4 faU * ccotd - 



Loraax 

 fol attempt at giving the mo&rm^l T 



Chaff-cutter „...„._ TO ^ a gQCcew . 



more leverage 



disad 



o»r- m« wort without narrowing the width of th^l^ 



In tb* <wm*™i 4V~™ ~e _** t | w *uui oi the box. 



that side oC the box front farthest from the axle of the 



flj- wheel on which the knives are 



chine the axle is placed abov 



instead of at its side, and carr 



a peculiar triangular form with „™,^ 



m tag* o f «5e c„, ftS ?£££E3LJft 



different speeds.— Barrett and ^- *- *'"^wneeis oi 



moved hv a ratchet and bar 



great 

 g the material on 

 ii t 



fixed ; in this ma- 

 e the middle of the box 



, B ;™« - ,<*• «r.-assy; 



TJie length 



alternated by a cam upon the main „ 



of feed i* regulated by a stud upon The 



which i&set.nearer to or further ftv>m ti,„" , -7'" ;i , Ui ! r ' 



cam, the bar being shifted mo'r^W at^Sl* ? fc 

 place of the stud. ^ according to tlie 



We are merely noticing a few of the different pecu- 



One instrument in our barns and granaries that seems 

 to need improvement is the Weighing-machine ; and the 

 farmer will notice with pleasure the Balance Sack- 

 weighing-machine of J. James and Co., Whitechopel, 

 London. This is very neat and concise, and will weigh 

 sacks and bags, without the inconvenience of heavy half- 

 ■ hundred weights. The cast-steel ineasur for corn, &#., 

 of H. A. Thompson, Lewes> Sussex, appear calculated to 

 supersede the old wooden bushels, pecks, &c. /. A . C. 



ON THE CULTIVATION OF HEMP. 



Hemp requires for its growth a soil of deep, rich. 



moist alluvium, such as is found in the best parts of 



Lincolnshire, where the ingredients oi the earth are 



numerous, finely comminuted, and very intimately 



mixed. It will thrive on friable loams, and on loamy 



sands, provided the culture be rich, and the manuring 



abundant. On the latttr soils the produce is not so 



abundant as on black rich moulds, but the (juaiity is 



finer, and can be used for more valuable purposes. The 



land must be very perfectly cleaned and heavily 



manured, or made very rich by the previous cropping. 



If freshly manured, the quantity may be 16 to 20 loads 



dung on ~ 



seed (about 4Z.), when the crop is raised ia 4rt J 

 Even this average statement requires good ltnA*** 



culture. /. D* 



\s building a kiln for bunnng taJJ« 

 - -'"• -,,.d? economy of fuel maybe of ***«*£ 



other things of nearly equal aprt-J 



ill ere are 

 among these 

 in filling and 



econo: 



emov 



of the kilns for carrying on f^^^ 

 larityand despatch that can only be ensui 



too^tah 



oi iaoour, wiuea m w^wm — --- , 



the secret of success, and in winch the laige 

 the advantage of the small manufacturer 



The a» 



^fiSSW^rVfessasr 



ttitC ' 



iflferent descriptions «jf y 

 which a correspoiitot^ ^ 



much by being obliged to 



the ottier loses 



tiou of his men to 



Another desideratum (winch J.«fW^^^lft 

 inquired for) is a kiln in which *>*-ff m * 

 can be burnt without its being J ne a U> a fe 



The kiln which appears most m ■ ^ 



luicks. 



the purpose is that now in 



use 



e'd tile-yards, and which 



in many 

 has been 



1£ 



ttfito^ 



t( , ni , IlKUnU :u-tiuv of pottery, the coauei 





frit 



tiling ^ 



« hieh arc near akin to the pipes smd tij £ J ^ # 

 ha.sl.uHhe test of »>^^*g^ = 



> 



of dung on an acre. On this rich and pulverised 

 surface, two bushels of Hemp seed are sown by the 

 hand m broadcast, during the two first weeks of the 

 month of April, and covered by a light sad gentle har- 

 rowing. The heaviest and brightest coloured seed should , 

 he selected, and some of them should be cracked to see 

 if they have the rm perfect. Birds must be scared 

 from the sown ground till the plants appear. It h 

 been praised to hoe the crop, s i ng the plants at 1 

 to 1G inches apart, cutting down all weeds, and repeat 



the pipe 



and tde 



W*^ 



meutio 



and therefore it can 

 mended to the notice of 



It possesses many, of the ^»"^^ ining-P^.T 

 and it is us, 1 in works where op' J*J bu = iBg brvJ 



tiles are made, although it ul <^^ he m , ijj 

 as well other wai'fi. I» **+Z%$* the to*W 

 is first described upon the gSsfe^T 

 which ar. tug out with the bottom s££ ^ ,^g 



to enable the dome o^tj .^» 



hoidd nrocef 



centre, 



facility and strengw.. ««• -- ~ d n 



, >f buildin ;«e .the ■ «nex^ 



Jiow how the bricklayer 





