

^ 



0— 183 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



4/7 



r 6? eloi : to Mr. S. Wallis, of 



near Kettering, Northamptonshire 

 56*0, one of the lot shown by Iff. 



00* 



n Seagrave, 



uot good lo any tense. 



* rJfcon, jun., of Low Sizeogh, near Kendal, West 



^i«bnJ ; a tiny bad thins:, with a fattish back. 561 



2^5(6 rix sheep by Mr. J. S. spencer, of Hincklej 



rshire ; not one good one, the light-made, narrow 

 -opt, with necks and rumps thin and bad. 568 to 671, 

 fcir sized and good useful sheep, bred by Mr. S. Bennett, 

 </ Bickerings Park, Woburn, Beds ; legs too long, aud 

 frame too narrow. 572, 573, by Mr. J. Hill, of Briston, 

 Norfolk ; very small, and not much wool. 



Class II. Rami of any other age. — 578, Mr. Pawlett's 

 2fl months old ram ; first prize ; head very pleasing, 

 neck well-set and good, chest not very broad, but good 

 and prominent, chine broad, and ribs well-springing. 

 plates ver broad and heavy, loin fat and broad, though 

 the hips are not wide, rump fat, rather long but not 

 broad le^s not very good, and twist not wide and full, 

 frame long and good, wool not heavy. 580, 40 months 

 old, by same breeder ; second prize ; astonishing plates, 

 good back, hips fair, and rump the same ; thighs good, 

 drine wide and good, wool fair. 581, 40 months; third 

 prize ; similar to last, a little longer, but plates not so 

 «K>d, none of these sheep's docks are first-rate. 575, 

 • ■ but not so well up. 582, 583, 584, Mr. 



sheep, 

 jSimson's sheep ; very useful, large, and good, stand 

 badly on their hind legs, the first a very good animal. 

 89 590, Mr. Sanday's ; very handsome and well formed 

 animals ; 590, a very targe forequarter, with astonishing 

 plates, their ramps (particularly 589), rather defective. 

 591,5 ,593, Mr. Abraham's; beautiful sheep; 592, 

 of very good form, excepting rump. 5.94, 595, 596, Mr. 

 Carter's ; large and good, large Leicesters, with frame 

 enough for long- wools. 597, Mr. Foljaxnbe's ; fair size 

 and form, but wool very varied, evidently the thighs 

 not fairly shorn. 598 to 603, by Mr. Turner; a very 

 good useful lot, partaking singularly of one character, 

 large, long, good frames, with rather light wool. 604, 

 605, Mr. Watkins 1 ; much alike, fair size, good mutton, 

 pretty , light wool. 606, Lord Walsingham ; fair 



shee; ire underneath. 607, 608, 609, Mr. Burton's ; 

 rather smaller, but nice sheep. 610, 61 1, Mr. Potter's; 

 light m 'lied, large framed sheep, with long legs. 612, 

 Mr. Simpson ; a large useful sheep, with heavy wool, 

 but bare underneath, stands badly on his hind-legs ; I 

 think the largest I have yet seen in these classes. 615, 

 Mr. Wright ; rather small, good sheep ; I think not 

 quite fairly shorn. 616, Mr. Douglas; a nice form, 

 but light wool. 617, 618, 619, Mr. Wallis, rather 

 small sheep, wool varied. 620, Mr. Ellison ; nothing 

 commendable. 621, 622, 623, Mr. Bennett's ; useful 

 sheep, but the wool by no means a match. 624, Mr. 

 Hill ; small sheep, with south-down looking wool; 625, 

 626, same breeder ; small sheep, of fair form. 



Qass III. Sh< rling E t.— 627, Mr. Pawlett ; a pen 



of useful little ewes, not level, wool thin and 



straight, necks thin. 628, Mr. Burgess ; still less, 



but more wool, though it is not all alike, necks 



thin. 630, Mr. Simpson ; a pretty, smart looking 



pen, more wool, but varied in sort and quality, 



rather uneven. 629, same breeder ; rather more 



ven, smart and pretty, but smaller than last lot. 



631, Mr. Champion ; very slight forms, fair heads, 



and very light offal; thin set, and straight wool. 632, 



Mr. . s mday ; third prize ; a very pretty, well-formed 



pen, the wool not quit* alike, rumps short, back of one 



not well covered. 634, first prize ; very good lot, fair 



size, very nice faces, g« 1 wool, but not quite alike ; the 



pen matches well with 632 ; rumps are too short, thighs 



good, one or two backs not quite right. 633, same 



breeder ; good, but not so even, necks thin, wool more 



varied. 635. Mr. Abraham ; an even lot of large size, 



longer and higher standing, almost large enough for long- 



wools ; wool thick-set and short, a very good pen, and 

 deserving of a prize. 636, second prize ; certainly not 

 equal to 635 ; not so even either in wool or looks, rumps 

 rather short, and their whole form more contracted 

 than that of the above lot. 



638, Mr. Allen ; an ordinary 

 lot, small, with thin necks, and standing-out wool, 

 same breeder : 



637, 



1 a rather larger lot, but of similar frame, 

 long, high, and narrow, legs not too long. 639, Mr, 

 Foljambe ; a very pretty well-formed lot, finely trimmed, 

 with varied coloured faces ; form good, frames and 

 wool very equal. 640, Mr. Douglas ; a smart pretty 

 little lot, rather too thin and narrow, with set-out wool. 

 641, Mr. Bennett ; a very small lot, thin standing-out 

 wool ; nothing good. 



The following is a list of the premiums awarded to 

 exhibitors of Agricultural Implements in the Great 

 Exhibition, Hyde Park. The awards in other depart- 

 ments will not be made until the close of the Exhibition ; 

 out the Commissioners, feeling that the practice of the 

 Royal ricultural Society in a manner bound them in 

 mis matter, and seeing no practical objections or diffi- 

 culty in the way, have acceded to the request of the 

 agricultural exhibitors for an immediate decision, and 

 we now append the list of successful competitors, with 



the number in catalogue and subjects included in the 

 Award . 



H Great Medals. 



^5. Busby, W., Xewton-le- Willows— two or four horse plough, 

 corse h»e , :n the ridge, ribbing corn drill, and cart. 



185. S kill, W., Beverley— Norwegian harrow meal mill. 



c «n, c od crusher. 



dJn 2 " ,;a,rctt *nd Sons, SuiTlk— horse, hoe, general purpose 

 *J n, j, -row Turnip drill on the flat, improved hand-barrow 



2 l 'A t;ra? *s seeds, steam-engine, threshing machine, 

 dr i **°* rt8 °y and Son, Grantham— corn and seed drill, drop 

 ^ two.tp W Turnip drill on the ridge, oil cake bruiser, steam- 



I 











Paizi Medals. 

 132. flail, W., Rothwell— two-horse plough. 

 217. Bentall, E. R., He., bridge— cultivator. 



237. Burgess and Key, Newgate-street— improved American 

 churn aud Turnip cutter. 



37 Burrell. 0,. Thetford— Go- se bruiser. 



.'. Clayton and Shutth-worth, Lincoln— steam-engine* 

 47. Clayton, H., near Dorset-square— tile machine, 

 216. Coleman, R , Chelm>ford— cul'ivator, expanding harrow. 

 205. Comes, Barbridge— chaff-cutter. 

 96. Crowley and Sons, Newport Pagnel— cart. 

 143. Comins, J., South Moltou— horse hoe. 

 De Ciaes, Belgium— corn drill and roller. 



166. Duchene, J. J., A*sche-en-Rifail, Belgium— churn. 

 r.»9. Gibson, M., Newcastle— clod crusher. 



150. Gray and Sons, Uddingstone— cart, 

 liar wood — meal mill. 



149. Hensman and Son, Woburn— threshing machine, four- 

 horse plough, and corn-drill. 



.41. Holmes and Son, Norwich — threshing machine. 



240. Howard, J. and F., Bedford— two horse-plough, four, 

 horse plough, horse-rake. 



1J99. Lavoisy, A.D.. Pax is— churn. 



124 a. Xewingtoi, Dr. (as inventor)— top dressing machine. 



50. Nicholson, W. N., Newark-on-Trent — oilcake bruiser. 



169. Odeurs, Marlinne, Belgium— plough. 



124. Ransome and May, Ipswich— drop drill. 



108. Re* res and Bratton, Westbury — water drill, liquid 

 m mure distributor. 



«. Samuelson, B., Banbury— Turnip cutter. 



228. Scragg, T., Tarporley— tile machine. 



Smith, Stamford — haymaker, chaff-cutter, and horse-rake, 



1. Stanley, W. P., Peterborough— Linseed and Barley crusher. 



271. Tnxford and Son, Boston, Lincolnshire— steam engine. 



220. Wilkinson, T., 3(;«», Oxford-street— churn. 



151. Williams, W., Bedford— ight and he:tvy harrowa. 

 239. Whitehead, J. Preston— tiie machine. 

 Sole. — The awards for foreign implements are. not yet 



completed. ^ 



Farmers' Clubs. 



London. — The following ia an abridgement of Mr. 

 Nesbit's address at a late meeting of the club, on T/ie 

 A i / u lter< i t ions of A rtij al Man ures y and the best p radical 

 if t fins of Detection: 



The time is past when farmers were compelled to depend f »r 

 their manures solely upon tbo*e articles which they can pro- 

 duce upon the farm. By practical analyse? of the manures 

 used in cultivation, it has been found that certain substances 

 constitute the chief ingredients which are capable of giving 

 fertility to the soil; and, as you are well aware, numerous 

 other substance!), either obtained from our manufacturers or 

 brought from abroad, such as nitrate of soda and guano, are 

 used for the purpose of agricultural improvement. It is of 

 immense importance that the articles thus brought to jour 

 doors should be received by you in a state of integrity, that 

 they should not be adulterated', and that if they are adulterated, 

 you should have in your hand-* means of detecting adultera- 

 tions, and of avoiding the consequent loss. Now, in what con- 

 sists the value of manure ? I need not tell you that the value 

 of a thing depends on ihe difficulty of obtaining it. If dia- 

 monds were found scattered about the road, their value would 

 be no greater than that <if flint or graui e. It is the difficulty 

 of obtaining them which raises their value to such a large j 

 amount. Now, you have in farm-yard dung a large amount of 

 water. The common dung which is put upon the farm, and 

 which is so highly pris-d by the farmer, contains 70, 80, and, 

 in some cases, 90 per cent, of water, and the more wet manure 

 is, the les r valuable it is. Well, to go a little further, what is 

 the next ingredient? We must take next the carbonaceous 

 matters, « r mere woody matters. These are absolutely re- 

 quired when you are proceeding on a large scale ; and in putting 

 on 20 or 30 loads of dung per acre, you put on a sufficiently 

 large amount of these carbonaceous substances to be of telling 

 value in the field ; but to mere organic or woody matters, then, 

 I say, we caunot properly attach any considerable value. Again, 

 there ia common 6alt found in farm-yard dung. We may, per- j 

 haps, rind half or one per cent, of common salt; but that is too ; 

 small a proportion to be highly valued. I might go through 

 various other ingredients ; but if I did so it would all resolve 

 itself into this— that it is the ammonia and the phosphate of 

 lime, or bone-earth, that constitute the chief value of artificial 

 manures. We shall find very easily, by a little consideration, 

 that with certain limitations, in proportion to the amount of 

 phosphate of lime and of ammonia contained in artificial 

 manures is the value of those manures. Now, in farm-yard 

 dung, as far as I am able to judge — and I have been corro- 

 borated by many others — there is eeldom one per cent, of 

 ammonia. In the case of the dung of animals which have been 

 highly fed, you may get a little more ; and hence it U that you 

 require to put so large an amount of such unconcen .rated 

 manure on the land. There are other manures which contain 

 a much larger proportion ; for example, guano, various kinds 

 of night-soils, and urines. Now, Proie»sor Way, in the 

 " Journal of the Kojal Agricultural Soc ety, " gives 17 per cenT. 

 of ammonia as the result of his analysis of a great number of 

 samples. I have analysed a great number of specimens, and I 

 cannot say that ail mine have come up to that. A lew or'ihem 

 may have done so. but that was by no means the general result. 

 The samples which I have analysed have not come direct from 

 the ship, and many causes have led to deterioration. But be 

 this as it may, I have found 14 or 15 per cent, to reptesent the | 

 ammonia in tie guanos which have principally come under my 

 notice. Well, now, ordinary Peruvian guano has likewise from 

 18 to 22 per cent, of phosphate of Ira-. Phosphate of lime is 

 exceedingly valuable. It is, as you all know, in the shape of 

 superphosphate of lime, one of the uest materials for the 

 Turnip crop. You may redeem the price of ammonia in guano 

 and other substances, at 6<l. per lb. Profes or Way, and oh 

 chemists, have shown that fij. per lb. will represent the value 

 of ammonia; so that if you only have an analysis of guano, 

 and divide the number of pounds of ammonia per ten by 2, you 

 will get the price in shillings; and you will thu obtain the 

 actual value of the ammonia. Now, the value of phosphate of 

 lime may be stated at about Jd per lb. ; it may in some cases 

 be a little more ; but, it any per&on should buy phosphate of 

 lime at about Jo!, per lb., he would, I think, 1 e doing ['ratty 

 well. Now, take the other constituent of guano. It is very 

 easy likewise :o ascertain their value. We ah know what is 

 the price of salt in the marker. If, then, we find that a certain 

 manure contains four per cent, of salt, it is very easy for us t 

 calculate is value. It cannot be necessary that I should dwell 

 upon this point. Sulphuric acid also is contained in guano, 

 and othtr manures, lc is easy to calculate the value of tha'- 

 We must not, however, take the price of the hi^ hesi compound • 

 when we would estimate its value, but take tome subttai ce 

 containing sulphuric acid — as sulphate of lime or gypsum, 

 which has a low prico in the market. Gypsum is from* 20*. to 

 per ton ; so that the srna 1 quantity of sulphuric acid in 

 guano cannot be of g« eat value. Without the slightest difficulty, 

 we can therefore form a tolerably accurate estimate for com- 

 mercial purposes ot any ordinary manure. I do not say abso- 

 lutely accurate, but sufficiently so for the purpose required, 

 the composition being known • for, of c ttrse, without such 

 knowledge it is tmponsible to tell the value. Bone 4 ", again, are 

 valuable for the same two reason* —on account of the phosphate 

 of lime taey contain, and on account ot tha nitrogen which 

 becomes ammonia as the bone decomposes in the soil. Some 

 chemists assert that bones coutaiu I per cent, of nitrogen. Th;.t 

 has not been the result with a 1 the bones tna f I have analysed ; 



with 25 percent, of o\ster ohells or wa*te, would require 

 cwt. of extra acid to neutralise the lime before any m: 



I 



probably one-half would be nearer the mark. I may as well 

 mention the adulteration of bones at once. I shall afterwards 

 p oceed to speak of guano. Bones are not received by you in 

 their original aud re *tate, becVuse they would then be of 

 little use to you. As practical farmers you do not possess i lis 

 for the purpose of grinding bones, and jou are therefore obliged 

 t 1 entrust other persons with the grinding of them, in order 

 that they may be reduced to a proper state for the land. N w, 

 ir would be well if parties who gr und bones ground nothing 

 else ; but it does so happen U a great many other things are 

 ground up with them, in order that farmers maj buy an adul- 

 teraed article at a much less apparent price, but in reality at 

 a much greater cost than they could buy a genuine one. I 

 speak thi*. evening from my own per onal experience. I assert 

 that the bones ground in London, and in many other places, 

 are often m ; xed in large quantities with oyster she Is. These 

 oyster ►hells have the property of splitting up into nice trag- 

 ments, and unless a gentleman takes oat hisglass aud examines 

 curiously with the view of discovering a bit of mother of pi art, 

 he will often not recover .'that he hat bought a fraudulent 

 article. There is frequently from 20 to 25 per cent, of this 

 adulterating material, and, of course, so long as farmers will 

 patronise dealers without reference to character, and make 

 price the >ole cons deration in purchasing, so long must they 

 expect to get oyster shells instead of bones. But this is not 

 the only thing which is uted for adulteration. Soap-boiler's 

 waste, and sandy and earthy matters, are also unreduced. 

 Now. ihe oyster she 1 and soap-boiler's waste contain large 

 quantities of carbonate of lime. If, therefore, the farmer makes 

 his own superphosphate of lime, he will experience a double 

 loss, for until all the carbonate of lime has been ed upon by 

 the acid, i,o superphosphate is formed. Now, as carbonate of 

 lime or chalk takes about its own weight of sulphuric acid to 

 drive off the carbonic acid, it follow* that bones adulterated 



five 



phate could be formed. I will now speak of the nature and 

 ex r ent of the adulterations to which Ku.no and otlo r substances 



are exposed. We have seen clearly that the value of guano 

 and other artificial manures depeud pretty much on their 

 ammonia and phosphate of lime • it cannot depend on a given 

 amount of sand or loam, or brick-dust or ground tiles, or any 

 article of that kind which may be mixed with it ; and It is a 

 main object of my lecture to bring palpably before any prac- 

 tical farmers here some view, though it must be very inade- 

 quate when compared with the reality, of the fearful extent to 

 which adulteration is now carried. I feel perfectly incapable 

 of showing one hundred »h part of the actual extent of this evil. 



Gentlemen, you are robbed sWematically. It Is not sirnp'y 

 that a little country dealer g« en and buys his 10 tons of guano, 

 mixes some foreign matter with it, and then sells it as genuine 

 —there are men who make hundreds and thousands of tons of 

 materials for adulterating guano, whii h mate rials a e s Id in 

 the market for the express purpose of adulteration. It is a 

 general system, which begins in the metropolis and extends 

 over the whole country. Lven the country cheaters are them- 

 selves cheated la turn. The men who come to London to buy 

 their manures very ofen net an adu terated article; the article 

 passes through the hands of half a dozen parties befe»re it 

 reaches the farmer ; and when at last it does reach him, it is in 

 an extraordinary s'ate ot* adulteration, very little compara- 

 tively of the original matter being found therein. Guano ought 

 not to contain more than 1 4 to -'4 per cent, of sand; b side* 

 this, there should he 20 per cent, of phosphite of lime, from 14 

 to 17 per cent, of ammonia, and a considerable quantity of 

 organic matter. Now you can buy guano in the market con- 

 taining from 17 percent., which is a good genuine article, down 

 to others containing only a trace of ammonia. It grows — 



Small by degrees and beautifully less," 



till you have got a thing which contains but little less than our 

 good Essex marl, from the Wanstead Flats, or some other 

 place, with a little damaged guano mixed with it to give it the 

 right smell. I have specimens of this kind of guano ou the 

 table before me. Genuine guanos are sold in the mar) in 

 different degrees of purity ; they are sold as guano, aud as 

 damaged and double damaged; they are known -among the 

 trade aa D's and double D's. Now, would you imagine that 

 the adultera'ors have the sagacity not to buy the best guano t 

 They never get a. fragment of that; they buy the D's and the 

 double D's, and by a proper mixture of these with the materials 

 tor adulteration th»y brir g out an article which is sold at 

 nearly the price of the original guano : the D's and DD's 

 themselves fetch a heavy price from their use as giving the 

 adulterated manure its smell. I have lately seen an adver- 

 tisement for the sale of 1200 tons of damaged guano, by Gibbs 

 and Co., at an auction m;»rt. I have it on tolerably go< d au- 

 thority that the d iuble D's sold at 71, os., and the D'* f or 

 damaged, at about til. 55., whereas the very best is onl.. from 

 91. 5s. to 91. 10s. ; and this (the best) does not go into the 

 market mixed with powdced bricks, and so on. There ace 

 hundreds of farmers who have used ground tiles or marl with 

 alitie double D mixed with it, and then expected to see a 

 good Wheat crop in consequence. Many fraudulent dealers 

 buy the D's or the double D's for the smell, and the guano is 

 preferred lo the best article because it is sold at a cheaper 

 rate. They are not even content with selling tluse as good 

 guano, but they mix ih -in with otber more worthless mate- 

 rials; for example, wi.h burnt pantiles in order to give it the 

 beautiful colour of Peruvian guano. The locality, Bow, 

 from whence that comes is well known in the trade. They 

 also mix red n arl from the Wanstead Fiats, in Esetx. 

 The whole Ststem, in fact, of the adulteration is so well de- 

 vised tha", without analysis, it is almost impossible for the 

 farmer or the ordinary country dealer not to be inipocd 

 upon. In some cases it has been known that the buyer has 

 seen his guano tak< n from the ship's side, and has congratu- 

 lated himself and believed that he at least was too sunning to 

 be r aken in ; but. unforunate man that he was, he bad quite 

 overlooked the Essex marl or ground tiles concealed in the 

 barge to be well mixed with his guano as it went up the river 

 to the appointed wharf. Other parties have three or tour 

 wharfs for shipment in various parts of the river, and the 

 same adulterated material is often sent even to the same 

 buyer as two or three separate guanos at different prices. 

 Ot course those jurportng to be different are shipped to the 

 buyer from different wharfs. The two following analyses will 

 give some idea of the adulterations in the manure market : — 

 No. 1, came into the London market, per ship, from Liverpool* 

 It was < -tiered for sale by sample in some places, as Peruvian 

 uano, at 6i. 10*. to 11. per ton ; in others, as Saldanha Bay 

 guano, containing 60 per cent, phosphate of lime, at il. to 5i. 

 per ton. The samples were contained in bags of blue pape r , 

 purporting to come from *ome ehip from Valparaiso. Abouc 

 150 tons were brought into London, the greater part of which 

 found its way to tbe farmers of Hampshire, no doubt to their 

 great edification and benefit. No. 2 was effered for sale as 

 Saldanha Bay guano, at 31. or 41, per ton. 





< 



No. 1.— Quae 



10? 



Gypsum 



... 74-05 



Phosphate of Lime 



... 1405 



Sand 



... 2-64 



Ammonia 



... 051 



Moisture and loss 



... 875 



I 



No. 2.— Saldanha Bay Guanu? 



Sand 8*-8l 



Phosphate of Lime 

 Gypsum 

 Chalk ... 

 Moisture 



* • t 



- - « 



• • i 



• • * 



IO'L'l 



Ml 



22-7 



12 44 



100-00 100-00 



Now I want to exhibit here a few of these samples of con er- 

 felt guano, observing that the way in which they are t:ot up 

 for sale is really very ingenious. I want an opinion as to 

 which of these samples is the best. [The chairman having 

 pelected the one which he conceived to be the best, the lectun r 



