31 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



491 



pntei 



i <*rnj>on. 



Mr. Ctim.- Yfi, lir. 



fth.op 



il 



ample Hot*, if the title H >wed till 5 



toap was at P«<jkhaad, Hnrste? dowiu It would 

 ka Mm oaa hoar from the Waat India Dock to Dock head, 

 „. Pelbam pa* in the Watermen and Lightermen's Corn- 

 T TMe-tsble. which showed that it was b n water at L»>n- 

 e, on the 17th of May, at 19 minutes past 3. 

 ifr. Erana. — Than, if he was not loaded till 2 o'alook, be 

 *DalJ not have time to roach Dockhead, beca 



i time to get his barge out of the West [ndia Dock 

 went on to state that he was with Forrester, the civ 

 h*» t»i* nrUuoera were apprehended tug-***"' »* *«*• i lile uest B** 





the 



It is applied at the rate of 12 to 30 haah< 

 Wood charcoal is not employed dii 



to any great extent ; from lie great 

 it is generally niployed in the 

 as urate, &c. 1 



»ls per acre. 



a a maiiiii 



.*- . 



house, or a public-house near it. On reaabifg tlie 

 l^.iinn.hacfe. Loug made a statement which be took down iu 

 writing, and it waa signed by the prisoner. It was to the fol- 

 lewiBf, effect :— M Philip Lon« states that on Saturday the 17th 

 if, two barges were loaded with guano at the West India 

 from Gibbe'. I brought up one, and my man brought up 



orptive poa 



manures, 



ners' bark is slow iu fen ming — tlie 

 -is hasten* by making the hark iutoa-compoet wit 

 earth, or dung, tlien applying it to stiff ground. 



eed is a manure procured from marine plants, and of all reasons, because 

 largely employed in maritime counties for manure. 



, the plants 



Beck 



Old Soul ; and, to the best of my belief, he delivered the 

 game guano as he took in out of the ship on board the Albion, 

 Captain Drory, off St. Saviour's Dock. The ba L brought 



up I took to Pickering's Wharf, by order, where the guano waa 

 landed, part on irday night, and part on Sunday morning, 

 end was re-loaded on Sunday for Deptford terminus of the 

 geoth Ccait Kail way. Philip Long." 



iir. Samuel Taylor, superintendent of the guano department, 



East and West Iudia dock, recollected the loading of 14 tone 



of guano from the Invermore into the Old Soul. The loading 



was completed between one and three o'clock, and the Old 



Bool was taken out of the dock half an hour afterwards. 



Other evidence wee given to prove the Old Soul and another 



barge called the Ann were both lying under Pickenug'9 wharf 



the 17th of May, that Long was owner of both craft, and 



Lt be waealso in the habit of hiring bargee. Some documents 



also put in by Mr. Rucker, clerk to Messrs. Gibbs. 



Mr. Yardley said that some of the papers handed to him did 

 prove that Long's statement was true, and that two of his 

 barges were loaded with guano on the 17th of May. 



Mr. Hobler said the barge Ann was not loaded on account of 

 Messrs. Gibbs and Co., and that the guano delivered on hoard 

 the Old iu! was taken out, and rubbish of little value substi- 

 tuted. He could not complete the case that day, but he 

 indation for a remand. 



ur. Vsrdiey said the case at present was rather weak, 

 tkularly against Pickering, and that he would remand t 

 for a week on bai . ~~~; — 



Mr. Pelhair.— On their own recognisances I hop*, sir ? 



Mr. Yardley.— No ; it's a very serious onse. What are the 

 means of the prisoners ? The officers repres ted both 

 prisoners were in good circumstances, and that Pickering was 

 opulent.— -kerimr.— Yes, and I have several vessels. 



M». Yardley said he would take bail for Pickering, himself 

 in 40W., and two sureties in 200J. each ; and tor Long, himself 

 In 200/., and two housekeepers iu 1001. each, to ppear on 

 Wednesday next. ^^ 



Mr. Pelham.— It is late : wecaiinot provide bail to-nig)it.~ 

 The prisoners were then sent away in the von to Cierkenwell 

 prison. The officers, in the course of their inquiries, ascer- 

 tained that a load of guai ut on board the A uu was removed, 

 and rubbish subs ited and sent into the country. 



Jclt SO.—TOaee defendants sum ndered this day, when Mr. 

 Ingham ordered them to be kept in custody, Mmtlnuing them 

 until Wednesday next to the Clerkenwell House of Detention. 



being more luxuriant, and containing a greater amount 

 of saline ingreSents in their organism. It is employed 

 as a top-dressing for meadow la 1 when rotted with peat 

 mould and liquid manure ; it is mixed in layers with 

 weeds, to hasten 'their decay ; spread in drills in tlie 

 planting of Potatoes ; mixed up with farm-y 



ive SMcoum mem to pure bred animal* ol ail 

 trust 11 m suppose these remarks are dictated 



1 my feeling any ai .incest not having prises for 

 ngr Berkshire* at \\ iitdser. 1 feel nothing of the kind. 

 The judges highly rommmided my p and lam per 



iectly satisfied with the re it of the n aim hopisK 

 to show again whenever I conveniently eaa, for tlie best 



I have found it aoaw< r my 

 purpose as a breeder.— I see you allude, in your Paper 

 of Saturday, to an i»se< l luch k eating the leaves of 

 Turnips. The whole of the Swedes in this district 

 are sadly eaten by a small green caterpillar, and alao 

 another smaller insect, under the leaf. We have had 

 very growii rains during the last week or ten day©, rjr 



" " ave been permanently and vewirasriouBlv 





« :trd 



way •of usin^ it— ploughing it fresh up many acre. alt. tliey had been hoed and singled, 



Dut w * ha\ 1 not an) so hadoi* liiat very near us, although 

 most of tlie crops have a very seedy appearance ; they 

 are, however, now looking Bather better than tin were 

 two or three days ago, 1 I 1 hope where the la 1 has 

 been well managed the ■ h-ck they have received will 

 not be of anv material c< .none 1 will enclose a 

 specimen of the blight. A AWr>, Circnc**ter. 



The Turnip Crop.— I send you a specimen 0/ damaged 

 Turnip leave*, with a few grubs and insects. The mis- 

 chief done to 



and dripping into the soil. It is used 

 cipient decay has set in, for the production of Cabbages 

 and Turnips ; if put freshly into the drills, it heaves up— j 

 subsides— displacing the clay, and exposing the seed, 

 owing to the large quantity of salt it contains giving off, 

 its moisture to the atmosphere at one time, and ab- 

 sorbing it again at another. Sea-weed is applied at the 

 rate of 30 and 40 tons per acre, a ton conveying to 

 the land 12.. lbs. of mini ral matters. It leaves, ac- 

 cording to the a and species of the plant, from 1.5 to 

 26 per cent, of ash when burned, consisting of common 

 salt, sulphate of soda, magnesia, with a little lime. Its 

 rganic part amounts to 13 or 30 per cent., consisting of 

 soluble glutinous matter. Libra. 



I 



MANURES.— No. II. 

 Peat Ashes.— The greater part of vegetables when 

 consumed goes off into the air, the residue being elm y 

 eomposed of inorganic matters — chiefJy potash, as when 

 wood is burned— or a mixture of clay, silica, and the 

 alkalies, in the case of peat, partly derived from the 

 subjacent soil, and the inorganic remains of plants. 

 I eat ashes are deficient in many saline compounds, 

 from the action of water washing them away, and, 

 hence, why less seluble matters, as clay, lime, and silica 

 generally predominate. Peat ashes are transient. v,-t 

 ver simulating in their action ; their effec 



Home Correspondence. 



Guano. — If you will take the trouble to read a letter 

 from me in the tl k I,ane Express of this week, you 

 will understand my views on tlie subject of guano, the 

 truth is, that the Ti/nm inadvertently reported me to 

 have said, that "if tlie duty on guano were reduced 

 from 10/. to 5J.," instead of which, it should have en 

 " that if the price were reduced from 10/. to 5/;' This 

 will show you how (very naturally) you were led tQmake 

 the remarks in your Paper of last week. Tlwmia* \lcook, 

 Kinqswood, Epsom. 



Hops. — As this delicate plant is peculiarly liable to 

 the destructive attacks of vermin at this season of the 

 year, the process of fumigation is required for the 

 annihilation of the enemy, so fetal to the advancement 

 of vegetation. No chemical means have been found more 

 afficacious for this purpose than common gunpowder, 

 ignited after moisture. The combined action of sulphur 

 and carbon, in a state 0? combustion, proves invariably 

 successful in killing the insects, and when used in the 

 manner proposed, becomes remarkably diffusive and 

 pervading. By pursuing the course recommended, who! 

 gardens may be cleared at a trifling cost, without any 

 detriment to the crop, or risk of failure. T. 



£( shire Pins. — The Times, in speaking of the 

 Windsor Cattle Show, expresses some surprise there 



are more 



ii 1 1 ■!■■■» ■ v. iwmi w |'i cocuij aa ill UltJ 



ca*e of the peat ashes of Berks and Wilts ; much more 

 so when phosphate of lime abounds. Ashes are gen. 

 rally obtained from the combustion of turf where 

 employed as fuel, or from tlie reclamation of bog or 

 fen landa where paring and burning are resorted to 

 the red ashes are more fertilising than the white, th 

 mrmer containing sulphuric acid and soda, the latter 

 clay and lime. The turf ashes obtained from the 

 marshes m Holland are very valuable, from the large 

 quantity „f gypsum they contain ; they are imported 

 into this country at present but in small quantities, 

 under the name of Dutch ashes. Coal ashes are pro- 

 cured from the burning of coal— a mineral of vegetable 

 origin. They are well suited for top-dressing G 

 lands (when applied at 4 to 70 bushels per acre) and 

 in increasing the porosity of stiff clays ; they contain 

 gypsum, silica, magnesia, oxide of iron, and alumina. 



inn 



16 



ashes are procured from the burning of wooc 

 the denser woods, as the Oak and Ash, yielding the 

 peateBt amount of potash ; an alkali very caustic in its 

 Bature, and a good corrective of acidity in the soil 

 VV ood ashes prove very beneficial when applied at the 

 : 5 or 7 ewt. to Lucerne, Peas, and Beans ; applied 

 to Gram it destroys moss, and, like lime, promotes the 

 growth of Clover ; 7$ cwt of ashes and 6 cwt. of bones 

 tte employed per acre with success in raising Turnips. 

 J-^Hig to the causticity of wood ashes they should 

 *» cautiously applied to the soils, and never mixed 

 ^nth fermenting manure. In addition to potash they 

 contain carbonate of soda and Glauber's salts. Soot 

 produced from peat, varying in quality according TO 

 we material employed. It consists of charcoal finely 

 jbyided— the acetates of ammonia (acetic acid or vinegar 

 *sn? a product of vegetable incineration). It is suited 

 W all soils, those of a light nature particularly, and 

 would be applied in moist weather, so that the ammonia 

 ™ the soot ? to which the causticity of the latter is owing 

 ^« not produce injurious consequences, or its volatile' 



ytwtft be uissipated. Ryegrass is much bene6ted by an 

 pbcation of soot, as is also sickly Wheat, the colour 



ta1+\ !. U ,m P rOTe « to * deep green, and induces the 



punt to htter. Drilled in with Turnip seed, soot excites 



«m to a rapid growth, or strewn along the drills when 



^e plant appears above ground, it checks tlie ravage 



»« fly. Mixed with salt in equal proportions, i t forma 



m wvaiiiabie top-drewtag for Carrots and Parsnip* 



the Turnips ever a wide and « tensvve 

 district in this county d>erbyh is serious «ad irrmaja* 



able ; and no remedy at present known appelate rem -v^ 



»r destroy them. Soot and lime have 1 u tried v ut 

 any effect. The insects chiefly 1*1 en the underuMb 

 of the leaf, and have more or leas dissected hut iff of 

 acres. It is a new enemy to tlie Turnip, and mors 

 formidable than the fly, attacking them when the 1 'rata 

 are 7 or 8 inches high. Of th history of this pest > I 



am entire v ignorant, never having seen it before. Some 

 «»f tin ;ruba are given, some of a light grey colomr. 

 When en, they seem to attain tlie largest size, and 

 then take wings, jumping like the fly or grasshopper. It 

 is a serious evil, and any infon !i ( loerning it will 



he most acceptable. J. Jtpfoon fioi y* Rwtthuvm, *mr 



Ghesti i. The Swedes a I Turnips in this 



■mghbourhood are in »me cases almost destroyed by a 

 small green palmer. About tlin weeks be re they 

 made their appearance there were large quantities of 

 small light brown moths in the Turnip fields, and 1 have 

 no doubt that the green palmer is the larva of this said 

 moth. 1 observed to a neighbour of mine tliat 1 thought 

 some evil would result from these moths, and 1 am 

 sorry to say that my neighbour has a field of I acres of 

 excellent Sv des and Turnips nearh poilt by the 

 palmer ; they appear very much lik the palmer that 

 ate the leaves of the Oak trees for acres together here 

 this spring; they suspend themselves by thread-like 

 cobwebs from the leaf of the Oak and Turnip, and strip 

 the forest of its leave-. The Swedes, although looking 

 well up to the time of their appearance, are in some 

 cases wholly d< stroyed, and others so much injured that 

 were jjol more 01 mat usenu oreea 01 pigs> tlie lierk- they will never recover. It appears a new enemy to 

 shin, exhibited, particularly as the show was in them the Tumi]) crop, and 1 fear, from what I have heard 

 immediate neighbourhood. As many of your readers and seen, their ravages extend a long way. The Oak 

 may not be aware of the cause of so few being there, ' tree that looked like winter a short time ago have now 

 allow me to say that there never will be a good show of buret into leaf again ; this cannot be the cose with tlie 

 Berkshires so long as the present classification of pigs Turnips, as their hearts are eaten out. J . Eame*. Bcdc 

 into the two descriptions of large and small pigs con- 

 tinues. Berkshire breeders generally will not bring 

 their pigs into a class where the only chance of a prize 

 seems to be enormous size, without consideration as to 

 quality, profit, and general usefulness. It would be in- 

 vidious, so immediately after the show, to make any 

 remark on the immense white pigs which were favoured 

 with prizes, I only hope their owners find them 

 profitable in their own locality ; but where we can only 

 sell bacon at the best price, at a dead weight not ex 

 ceeding nine score pounds, they are not adapted. I 

 know there are great difficulties in arranging a new 

 mode of classing pigs, not the least perhaps, that every 

 one now who makes a cross or two of any kind gives his 

 pigs a new name, till the breeds are almost in numer le ; 

 and you often see pigs possessing the same characters 

 exhibited in each class, and also pigs possessing very 

 different character classed under the same name, and 

 this is likely to be the case so Jong as the present system 

 of crossing continues ; it requires a series of years to 

 establish a breed of pigs which can be relied on as 

 possessing decidedly distinguishing characters, the ten- 

 dency of all breeding animals is to revert to their 

 ancestors. You last year remarked that the Berkshire 

 were too small for the large breed, and too large for 

 the small ; now we liave all heard from our cradles of 

 the happy medium as the most desirable course in life, 

 may not this extend to the swinish multitude I and it 

 is probable tlie Berkshire are as well, if not better 

 adapted than any other breed to meet these depressed 

 times— I believe they are the oldest breed now extant ; 

 they have been greatly improved as our short-horns and 

 sheep are, their offal has been reduced, hair softened, 

 a superior quality of flesh established, early maturity 

 and great aptitude to fatten increased, while the robus't 

 constitution of their forefathers has been retained. A 

 the new classification in cattle has answered so well, 

 a little change in pigs might prove advantageous, I 

 have been a breeder of Berkshire for many years, and 

 I am quite satisfied in this locality they are the pigs to 

 <iltivate,but 1 am by no means blind to the excellence of 

 Mr. Fisher Hobbs' and other descriptions ; and if tlie 

 council would decide on extending the classes to some 

 of the most distinguished breeds, it might tend to the 

 advantage of all. I think, although crosses are often at- 

 tended with -iicceas, it is of the first importance to 



Farm> Bm* lieu, Hants. -As you ask for any informa- 

 tion respecting the injury done to the Turnip crop by* 

 caterpillars this season, I write these few lines to tell 

 you, that in this part of the country a great amount of 

 damage has been inflicted. It seems to have arisen 

 thus: — About three weeks, or perhaps a month since, 

 vast numbers of small whitish moths were observed in 

 the Turnip fields, fey myself and labourers, and a few 

 days after the leaves of early Turnips and Swedes and 

 Rape were seen to be pierced with small low holes ; 

 nothing was to be 1 n on the outside of the leaf ; but 

 j on examining the under surface, very small light brown 

 and green caterpillars were discovered in great num- 

 bers : on hrmrr tnnnVkMl they made a sort of iump % 



about twice their 



length. 



The 



plants here, when 

 attached, were from 4 to 8 inches high, and quite 

 strong and healthy, and were being hoed. The 

 havoc made was very extensive sand very rapid, 

 and the result will be the destruction of at least half, 

 and very probably two-thirds of the above-named 

 crops. The later sown Turnips (Dale's and Sutton's 

 Hybrids), now in strong rough leaf, have come up very 

 well, and have as yet no appearance of anv disease. 

 I think, for die last four or five days, the crops 

 attacked have been beginning to look better again, and 

 where they had not been already hoed, and tlie plants 

 consequently very thick, there is a prospect of half a 

 crop ; but where they had been thinned out, the devas- 

 tation is very complete, and the ground must be gown 

 over again. I tried several remedies, but whil 

 insect was in vigour and in such multitudes, nothin 

 could be of the least use. One of my labourers conn ted 

 1 37 on one plant. The same caterpillars subsequently 

 made their appearance in the gardens, my own, and 

 many others, and r greatly injured the Cabbage plants. 

 Some also fou t their way to the Brugniansias 

 in the flower-garden. The Mangold Wurzel has 

 not been touched ; in some of mine, a single Swede 

 had found its way, and was covered with the 

 insects, the Mangold Wurzel on all sides remaining 

 quite free. I imagine that (here) the injury is bow 

 over. The insect is now in small numbers, feeble, and 



I have heard of the 



pawng mto its next stage. 



kind of injuries being due 10 or 12 miles north, and 

 many west of this place. It was alt< ther a new kind 

 of enemy — to us at least. J. II. Oalcraft, Kentpstom. 



