1.1 



THE AGRICULTURAL CAZETTK. 



505 



ag«r at under, CORN MAN IRE. most valuable for 

 -itntf dr***ia*— mcentrated Crate, Saperphofl c of Lime, 



ci.rl'f of s.j la, s.iinhate of ammonia, fisher? and Agricnl. 



toa, 



paf LONDON .MANURE COMPANY beg to 



X otf* f . at u ii dei 

 tarts* dressing— Cone 

 itrmta of 8od*. Sulp 

 (arml Salt*. Gypsuin, Fo 



^k^ t Artificial Mauure , 



Foreign Liusee-i-cake. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed the 

 renoioa importation of Messrs. A. Gibbs and Sons, 9L 10*. per 

 11. 5#. in quantities of 5 tons and upwards. 



Edward 1'uesbb, Secretary. 

 40, Bridge-street, Blackfriars. London. 



MANURES. — The following Manures are manu- 

 factured at Mr. Lawes's Factory, Deptf jrd Creek : 



Clorer Manure, per ton £11 



Turnip Manure, do 7 



fMtrphasphate of Lime 7 



Sulphuric Acid and Coprolites 5 



Office, 69, King William-street, City, London. 

 >".B. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain lti per cent, of 

 Ammonia, 9L 10s. per ton ; and for 5 tons or more, VI. os. per 

 in dock. Sulphate of Ammonia, &c. 



PERUVIAN GUANO. 



CAUTION TO AGRICULTURISTS. 

 It being notorious that extensive adulterations of this 

 MAN I' KB we atill carried on, 



ANTONY (ilBBS AVD SONS. AS THE 



ONLY IMPORTERS OP PERUVIAN GUANO, 



OoBtiderit to be their duty to the Peruvian Government and 



to the Public again to recommend Farmers and all others who 



bay to be carefully on their guard. 



The character ot the parties from whom they purchase will 

 of course be the best security, and in addition to particular 

 tttantion to that point, ANTONY GIBBS and SONS think it 

 well to remmd buyers that — 



The lowest wholesale price at which sou I Peruvian 

 Guano has been sold by them during the last two years 

 is 9L 5s. per ton, less 2 J per a . 



Any resales made by dealers at a lower price must therefore 

 eit her leave a lota to them, or the ar ricle must be adulterated. 



HOSE FOR LIQUID MANURE, Fire-engines, 

 and agricultural purposes, made of canvasH, lined and 

 coated with gutta percha ; it is about one-third the price of 

 leath or in<lia-rubber, will convey liquids of all kinds under 

 a heavy pressure ; it is extensively used at the Government 

 public works, also by the navy, and amongst agriculturists, 

 giving universal satisfaction. Testimonials and prices may be 

 obtained of Messrs. Burgess and Key, 103, Newgate-street, sole 

 manufacturers.— London Agents: Messrs. Deane, Dray' and 

 Deane, Swan-lane; Messrs. Tilley, Black friars-road.— Country 

 Agents : Messrs. Kansome and Parsons, Ipswich ; Messrs. J. 

 and S. Johnson, Liverpool ; Messrs. Dickson, Hull : Mr. S* 

 Wilson. Agent for Scotland. 



lis not, we are persuaded, any truly beneficial hU p 

 which can be taken for the interest of his nun, 

 which may not be defended on the ground of it> 

 being at least as much for the interest of their 

 employer. 



It is however, no doubt, proper that any step which 

 can be shown to be useful should be taken on the 

 ground of benevolence, as well as for the attainment 

 of a personal benefit ; and as ill-directed benevolence 

 is an abundant source of mischief, a good guide in thi 

 matter is invaluable. We wish for no better guide th; 

 Mr. Batson, the author of the pamphlet,* whose title 

 furnishes the heading to this article, and which we 

 cordially commend to the attention of our readers. 

 His plan of ki improvement " commences with the 

 labourer in his boyhood : he educates him not only 

 at the desk but in the field — tools as well as books 

 are put into the hands of his scholars — and the body 

 is inured and accustomed to systematic labour, 

 while the mind is being instructed In the ordinary 

 branches of a school education. And on the car- 

 rying out of all this Mr. Batson has attained a 

 profit to himself— not the ultimate profit of the 

 services of intelligent men — but the immediate 



readers and the country generally upon the prospect! 



of the harvest of 1 1, 



A THONY'S PATENT AMERICAN CHURN 



^ u h V obtamed a Prize at every Agricultural meeting at 

 which it has been exhibited; and the Proprietors have soil 

 upwards of 2000 in one year, and received from all parts of 

 England the highest testimonials in its favour, both as to the 

 short time required, the quantity and quality of the Butter 

 made a copy of which testimonials, with prices, will be for- 

 warded on application to Bdbgess and Ket, 103, Newgate- 

 street, Sole Agents to the Proprietor. ' ' ew S<"e- 



Eht agricultural Oamte 



SA TURD A Y, A UG US T 9, 1851. 



MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. 

 w BDaaaoai, Axis. ]3- Agricultural Society of England. 

 WsDaaaDAi. — 13 [ Agricultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland's 

 -„ I Annual Meeting at Dublin. 



inuaiDAT, — 14 -Agricultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland. 



profit of cheaply executed work. The old expe- 

 rience which asserted that for every boy on the 

 farm a man was needed to look after him, was 

 utterly exploded at Kynaston ; a pang of bo\ 

 was educated, fed, and clothed ; and their perform- 

 ances, under the superintendence of their overseer, 

 when set against the expenses of their maintenance, 

 were more cheaply executed than those of men at 

 the same sort of work, whether it was Wheat hoeing, 

 Turnip hoeing, planting Mangold Wur/1, or clean- 

 ing Swedes. We do not mean to make anv ex- 

 tracts at present from this pamphlet ; our readers 

 should procure it, and study it for themselves. We 

 would especially commend it as a proof, that though 

 many do waste their breath in useless talk, on the 

 relations of masters and servants, asserting princi- 

 ples without practising them, there are individual 



among us at work for the benefit of the agricultural 



labourer, and there are localities where his childrei 

 are growing up into young men, under the best in- 

 fluences which an intelligent benevolence can exert. 



MA NT RES.— No. 111. 

 Rape-cake is the compressed seeds of Rape after 



the oil is extracted from them in the mill. The cakes 

 generally weigh 4 lbs. each, and are valuable in pro- 

 portion to the amount of oil tlu v contain. Like oil-cake 

 they are very hard, and require to be moistened by 

 remaining on a damp floor for a little time previous to 

 being ground into du-t. The Belgians dissolve the cake 

 in their liquid manure tanks. To dust the cake must 

 be redueed, and in this state is employed for the pro- 

 duction of Turnips, and the top-dr« -ssing of Wheat; 

 when intended for the raising of Turnips it should be 

 cautiously u il, as during the process of fermentation it 

 would likely injure the vitality of the seed. Clay soils, 

 moist or cold weather are the auspices most favourable 

 for bringing out the fertilising action of Rape-dust. 

 Fiveewt, or from 8 to 16 bushels (i bushel weighs 



45 lbs.) is the quantity applied per acre. Rape-cake 



broken into smal I lumps, and strewn upon young Oats 

 attacked with the wire-worm is said to destroy this pest 

 — the worm feeding ravenously upon the OftL until a 

 urfeit tends to its destruction. Oil-cake is too valuable 



as an article for fattening settle to 1 nnploved as • 

 manure, but, like the rH'use of Other K it abounds in 

 inorganic matter and nitrogenous compounds. 



Mam-dust. — When grain is steeped in the preparation 

 of malt, afterwards permitted to sprout until it reaches I 



certain stage, and then cheeked by heating the rain on 



a kiln, the small rootlets drop off and form the sub. 

 | stance, malt-dust, which should be of a brown colour, 

 and the richer if obtained from sound pmilL 100 bushels 

 of Barley yield 5 of malt-dust ; the latter is employed 

 with success, at the rate of .'JO to 40 bushels on cold 

 stiff ground ; applied to Turnips previously moistened 

 with liquid manure, to Grass, Bailey, and Wheel ; to 

 the latter in March, when it should be slightly harrowed 

 Malt-dust contains much gelatine and albumen, as 



m. 



also the phosphates of po >sh wd soda, hran, from its 

 containing much nitrogenous matter and phosphate of 



** • • i« • . i * i e • • * 



How to Improve the Condition of the Agricul- 

 tural Labourer is a subject which must interest 

 his master, even were he under the influence of no 

 other than merely pecuniary considerations regard- 

 ing him. Any farmer who shall reckon up the 

 losses which he has suffered by the stupidity and 

 carelessness of his men will readily admit this. 

 But as it is chiefly for the benefit of the labourer 

 himself that we claim attention to this subject, so 

 we are sure this object alone, and apart from their 

 own interest in the matter, is sufficient inducement 

 with agricultural employers most readily to grant it. 

 Philanthropy and patriotism have often been power- 

 ful and efficient motives in employers of " a thousand 

 hands," as many a noble institution in the manu- 

 facturing towns can testify : that they have not an 

 equal influence on the minds of the employers of 

 egricultural labour no one dare say ; and as they 

 are there associated with all the power of a personal 

 acquaintance with the employed, which is impossible 

 where these are reckoned by hundreds, their effects 

 ought to be even more obvious in rural villages than 

 they are in manufacturing districts. And pro- 

 bably, upon the whole they are— we are not 



ii° Ut k t0 draW a com P aris011 between the two : 

 all that we wish at present to contend for is 



We make no apology for filling so many of our 

 columns with reports of the State of the Crops. The 

 returns were posted on the 1st of this month, and 

 are to be considered as true from that date. Since 

 then, however, we have had a week of fine weather, 

 which has do doubt been as beneficial for the green 

 crops as for the corn. The land was, in most pari 

 of the country, soaked with water by the heavy 

 rains of the latter part of July, and Turnips and 

 Potatoes needed a warm sun as much as the Wheat, 

 Oats, and Barley. 



The returns are unanimous on one point, namely, 

 the lateness of the harvest of LS51, and almost 

 unanimous, too, on the unusually small quantity of 

 Wheat remaining in the hands of the farmers. The 

 general character of these reports is encouraging ; the 

 crops are not to be as they were last year, extraor- 

 dinarily productive, but the words "good" and 



are in the great majority of instances 

 perfectly applicable. Throughout England, for 

 instance, the reader will find, amid considerable 

 variety of description, that the Wheat crop is gene- 

 rally a full average crop, that Barley promises an 

 average yield, and that Oats look well. In Scotland 

 Wheat and Barley are near the average, but Oats 

 decidedly belowit. From Ireland the returns speak of 

 good Oats and Barley, the returns regarding Wheat 

 being exceedingly various. On the whole, in the 

 words of one of our correspondents, everything may 

 be considered satisfactory, excepting prices. One 

 exception must, however, be insisted upon. The 

 Turnip crop does not in general promise well. It 

 has suffered exceedingly from the caterpillar 

 described in the Gardeners' Chronicle last week. 

 We have information of the damage thus suffered 



" average " 



the desirableness of holding at its true value the 'Sr 0in *• weB * C 1 °* st of Scotland > from Yorkshire, 

 annual toast of " the labourers " at thp m^in m nf ^ otts > Lincolnshire, Worcestershire, Gloucester- 



toast 



our . £ ati °nal agricultural societies, and The "duty 

 Which rests upon every one who cheers it, of per- 

 sonal effort in their behalf. F 



' JT 6 v° uld shortl y state what appears to us the 

 nght pohcy to be pursued in connection with this 

 subject. We believe that human nature, and society 

 as arising out of it, is so constituted that the general 

 interest is best served when each individual is the 

 iaost diligently engaged in what we may call an 

 intelligent pursuit of his personal interest. The 

 farmer who engages energetically and intelligently 

 «* his profession— a strict master, and thorough 

 ™n .of business— is really a better friend to the 

 agricultural labourers in his neighbourhood than the 

 njan who, though he may be 'the patron of his 

 Ullage, is a careless employer, and negligent of his 

 own interest in the management of his affairs. There 



shire, Berkshire, Devonshire, Surrey, Sussex, Kent, 

 Hants, and Cornwall ; the chief injury having been 

 borne by the southern and western counties. From 

 Ireland, too, we have reports of the activity of this 

 caterpillar ; but the current agricultural prosperity 

 of that country does not depend on the Turnip 

 crop ; it is food for man, and not for beast, about 

 which, a bad season for green crops excites anxiety 

 there ; and we are happy to observe that hitherto 

 comparatively little cause for anxiety about the 

 Potato crop appears to have shown itself. From 

 comparatively few localities are there any fears 

 expressed for the safety of the Potato crop. Upon 

 the whole, we have reason to congratulate both our 



.^ 



• How to improve the Condition of the Agricultural Labourer ; 

 a Stlf-vupjKHrnnfc System, <fcc. By Thomas Hats w, of Colle*. 

 house, Tedbu'ti, St. Mary, Exeter (late of Kynaston-house, 

 Hereford). Oboombbidqe and Son. 



lime, is sometimes lit 1 when moisten* d with liquid 

 manure in the production of Turnips, and Applied at the 

 rate of 5 cwt. to 6cwt. I -aides derive, through the 

 medium of their leaves, water and earbonic acid from 

 the air, substances which contain the elements n quisito 

 for forming the major part of plants, as woody fibre, 

 starch, and gum ; but plants require in addition, nitrogen 

 to form the gluten, albumen, &c, and the alkaline phos- 

 phates to perfect their seeds : these substances the soil 

 must yield. The immediate effect of a vegetable manure 

 Lepends upon the quantity of nitrogen it contains, and 

 its permanent effect on the kind and quantity of inor- 

 ganic substances. Vegetable substances, are, however, 

 nftre generally associated, either directly or indirectly. 

 with animal matter, and in this state applied to the soil 

 with greater advantages. 



Am l Manures.— Animal substances decay more 

 rapidly than vegetable substances; the former containing 

 more nitrogen which, combining with hydrogen, the 

 product of putrefactive fermentation, forms ammonia, an 

 alkali, on the presence of which in the soil the growth of 

 plants is materially influenced. United with carbonic 

 acid, ammonia forms a salt always present where animal 

 substances are undergoing decay, and in the excrements 

 of animals it is found as a muriate and sulphate. The 

 source of animal nutrition is from the vegetable kingdom, 

 hence the bodies of animals must partake of similar 

 elementary principles, as those found in vegetables, 

 though modified and changed by chemical processes. 

 The gluten, casein, and albumen of vegetables are not 

 only nearly identical in composition with each oth r,but 

 also with the muscle of animals, of which they largely 

 contribute to form ; from starch and oil fat is formed and 

 combustion fed ; and bones and blood contain phosphate 

 of lime and magnesia, substances which exist in the seeds 

 of plants. The excrements of animals are the rejected 

 remains of the food received into the stomach, after the 

 latter has selected, modified, and appropriated those 

 necessary substances for nutrition. This rejected matter 

 following i he law of universal decay resolves itself into the 

 i lements of organic matter,* again to unite in the formation 

 of new and distinct substances. The excrements of 

 animals form the principal source of animal manures. 

 The food received into the stomach is heightened in 

 value by being mixed up with those secretions which 

 give that stimulus to putrefaction. The value of any 

 digested manure depends upon the description of food 

 the animal is fed with, the age of the animal, the purpose 

 for which it is fed. Green crops and bruised grain 

 produce richer manure than that manufactured by feed- 

 ing animals on dry hay or straw. Also a mixed system 

 of feeding is not only preferable for the sake of the 

 animal's growth and health, but also for the purpose of 

 j manure, since no plant contains all the elements of 

 nutrition in sufficient abundance. Young animals 

 appropriate more of the substances of their food in 

 forming the growing bone and muscle of the system, in 

 addition to keeping in daily repair the machinery of the 

 frame ; hence their manure must be less rich than that 

 of full-grown animals. If the animal is intended for 

 the butcher, it receives food abounding in f&tty matters, 

 as oil-cake, linseed jelly, &c, to be appropriated by the 

 system, at the least trouble. But those animals in whose 

 dietary flesh constitutes an ingredient, form a manure 

 highly fertilising, because flesh contains, in a concen 

 trated form, the elements of vegetable development 

 Libra. 



