

M 



1851.1 



THE AGRICU LT U R \L G V Z E T T E 



:.39 



j- jiuui iu details. Thanks to Mr. Mcchi, 



heart and soul seems bent upon every agrk-ul- 



ieu . al : thin implement ha* been 



libaf*. allowed by him a: his farm at Tip tret. 



Tfci result 



r " wbe 



well 



is do* 



■H til at** 



5T* 



to be most sue*, -smi, as wen a> 



1 confess I saw in this machine some grea 



rred upon the agricultural world, if it 



the task lor which it was designed. Has 



o. Mr. Editor ! and if s . may we not con- 



another, and thank the inhabitants of the 



World, wh . by their iiius, have conferred so 



* benefit upon the Old World. Very few notieed 



w ooden- looking implement ; its mean attire — the 



garb of genius — attracted no notice. The 



il spectator, after inspecting its construction, 



j*cire<L and seemed to say within himself " I should like 



! .J \l li..n tK/\ w«t!i«M At tin' £*#*!«} ll^fc VttVAO 



to ae* it tried." When the writer of this said he was 



Durham, Mr. .1 hnson, Seer 



iv uf the Non ^ 

 ite Agi ultural Socio t and Dr. Cooke, Professor of 

 Mineralogy in Harvard I niversity, and laid l»efore the 

 Council on the 25th of June fast. The following results, 

 may be deduced from this correspondence : 



1. The mineral phosphate of lime has been found in 

 the American States of New Jersey and New York 

 and there is a great probability that it will be disc ered 

 in other States of that Union, as well as in Canada ; it 

 is also not improbable, from analogical considerations, 

 that this crystalline substance may be found to exit 

 among the metamorphic masses of the Highlands of 

 Scotland and elsewhere. 



'2. The specimen from Xew Jersey, forwarded by Dr. 

 Daubeny to the Duke of Richmond, had the appearance 

 of a remarkable variety of crystalline rock ; but the 

 formation in which it occurred was not stated. 1 was 

 found by Professor Maskelyue to contain 95 per cent 

 of the phosphates of lime, iron, and alumina. Its 

 importation was made by Messrs. Jevooe, of Stamford- 

 place, Liverpool. One vein alone, discovered in New 

 Jersey , would supply the English market for many years. 



3. In the state of New York a great mass of this 

 mineral had been discovered, and a shaft had alread 



been sunk to the depth of nearly feet. This vein 



occurred at Crown Point, near Lake Cham plain, in 

 Essex county, and the abundanee of the mineral was so 

 great as to lead to the conclusion th: this mine contained 

 an inexhaustible supply ; the locality was also favourable 

 for facility of transport and ready shipment This vein 

 consisted of grains and crystals ; a I on analysis, in 

 Am« rica, has been found to contain a much larger pro- 

 portion than the Jersey miueral, of which me specimens 

 yielded only about 40 per ceut of t phosphate of 

 lime, while the Crown Point mineral gives 150 per 

 cent, of that su I -t. nice, free from chalk, containing only a 

 small amount of quartz in grains, and of the lluorideand 

 chloride of lime. It is v» -ry soft, and pulverises easily, 

 and is more readily dissolved than the Jersey variety . 

 It can be delivered in London, in the rough state, or 

 powdered ready for use, as may be thought most de- 

 sirable. By single-horse power two tons a day may 

 easily be ground. 



4. The price at which the Jersey phosphate was first 

 offered was five guineas per ton ; but its interest imme- 

 diately ceased, in a commercial point of view, when the 

 importers, on fallacious grounds of supply and demand, 

 injudiciously raised the price to 7L, forgetting that there 

 were already other forms of phosphate of lime in this 

 country available to the English farmer. It is now 

 fully believed by moderate and ii -lligent Americans 

 that the United States phosphate can be afforded in the 

 English market at such a price as will rend' it a cheap 



isrltt, tircon, specular iron ore, iron 



At 



struck by the American department, a lady cap- 

 jjoerij ssM, u What, the barrels t" Whether tubs r 



she meant, I heeded not— my thoughts dwelt 

 the American renpin^ machine. .1. P. F. } U 

 3im§M \Y\md and Swedes. — These roots have been 

 jttsdeed by the larvre of moths, called in Hampshire 

 «miller> p they deposit their ova at the roots of the 

 : shortly the plant looks sickly, and the leav 

 away ; upon removing the earth at the base of 

 the tuber, a hundred and more of little dark caterpillars 

 found in bunches adhering to the fibres of the tap- 

 It is said that many acres of Sweden have been 

 destroyed or considerably damaged by this moth. Never 

 having seen these animals before, nor ever having m 

 crops attacked by them, I communicate the above facts. 

 Swedes are at times infested by these caterpillars, but 

 in Mangold Wurzel I never notieed this occurrence 

 before ; and as they did not carry their ravages very 

 far in this crop, I fancy they were deposited there under 



as they did not destroy many plants, and these 

 ttaiy wheee the larvse were deposited, nor di they 

 attack the shaws or leaves of this plant— on the contrary 

 thew seem to have kept open house amongst the Swedes 

 food no doubt they prefer to Mangold Wurzel. 

 This last mentioned root suffered from "the fly," thia 

 summer, in an unusual degree; so much so/ that a 

 breadth of five acres was totally destroy ! and the land 

 ploughed up, and re-sown with white Turnips. A'. Y. Z., 

 HanU. 



Beapimg Machine.— -The effort of machinists will now 

 be to make horse reaping-machines, since the principle 

 has been shown to be practicable. Pray what would he 

 the difficulty of making a hand reaping-machine, similar 

 to a large dust-pan, with a rapid lateral movement to 

 the long toothed knife, worked under long fixed I th, 

 in front i A woman, accompany ing a man, might rake 



off die Wheat as it falls. Two small and broad wheels fertilizer ; and, as it can easily be reduced to powder, its 

 within the breadth of the cutter, might hold up the value cannot be doubted, provided it be treated with 

 machine above the ground. The <mestion is, what is sulphuric acid, and thus rendered suitable as a manure 



the simplest combination in connection with the wheels * ~~~ ** * 



that would give a rapid lateral movement to the cutter I 

 A man might push it forward with handles, and the 

 breadth of the cutter might he 2 feet. T. F. 



Beu-root Swjar I Uh grown Beet 



aw* of the 





At 





eialiy 



The import 

 above subject is now admittedly so great, 

 to a country circumstanced as Ireland is, 



where the farmer's last resource, to use his own words, 

 » "America or the poor-house,*' will, I hope, be ample 

 jpwogy for my l>egg \ of you, as a Christian phi Ian- 

 toropist, to avoid throwing cold water on the project in 

 contemplation till the growth of the plant has got a fair 

 toal, which I maintain, as a practical man, it has never 

 vet got in Ireland, at least till this year ; and as the 

 results of this year's cultivation cannot be as yet fully 

 known, no man can tell, with any degree of accuracy, 

 the lowest price at which the farmer can afford to deliver 

 »t to the sugar manufacturer. 



My impressien, from the 

 present appearance of my own crop, though cultivated 

 with no greater amount of art or science than any 

 •dmary Irishman can bring to bear on it, that the 

 produce will be so heavy as to warrant the Irish farmer 

 m selling at 10*. a ton, and by so doing secure to himself 

 * better return than by growing Wheat and selling it at 

 Hs. a barrel of 280 lbs., which is 25 per cent, more than 

 •jay farmer expects for ordinary Irish Wheat at home 

 this year. We Irishmen feel aggrieved enough already 

 by "the brain blow" which Dr. Lindley gave our 

 prospects of Tobacco growing without having made due 

 powauces for the peculiar circumstances of our ill- 

 ^ted and badly governed country. Ed i.rd Carroll. 

 LUisdue neither to an ill fate nor to misgovernment 

 «at your sun, even on the 21st of June, rises little more 

 XAan 60* *w~ *i~ u^_ Dr Lindlev could not 



60° above the horizon. 



I - — -' "1 -" >-r»-«#V*«* J»*-Jk* U1IIUIC V ^UtiJU 



*ff r Uiat— and unless he could, he could not help y 

 Wti jate Tobacco. The right policy for Ireland, i 



ou to 

 if she 



for those crops for which phosphate of lime has been 

 found by experience to be advantageous. 



5. J 'rofessor Johnston, of Durham, to whose personal 

 visit to the United States we probably owe the attention 

 thus paid to this mineral, occurring so abundantly in 

 that part of the world, remarks : — " American farmers 

 in general have not the knowledge to appreciate the 

 value of such a manuring substance as this, nor the 

 ability to purchase it when manufactured into super- 

 phosphate of lime ; the discovery, therefore, will be a 

 boon, for the present, to both countries. It will make 

 more abundant and cheap the means of fertility which 

 our soils require ; while, by supplying a new article of 

 traffic only saleable in Great Britain,' it will form a new- 

 bond of connexion between our kindred nations/ 1 



6. Dr. Cooke and Dr. Daubeny having called the 

 attention of the Council to the information relating to 

 this mineral contained in " Dana's System of Mine- 

 ralogy," the following abstracts have accordingly been 

 made : — 



(I). Localities and Association of Occcrrenck. 



At Kumford, Maine— hi the same district with jeilow garnet, 



idocrase, pyroxene, ecapolite, graphite. 

 At Pii-rmont, New Ramp* hire — with micaceous ircn, heavy 



fpar; green, white, and brown mica. 

 At Bolton, Massachusetts— with scapolite, petalife, sphenc, 



pyroxena, nuttalire, diopside, boltonite, maKtresite, rhomb 



spar, allanite. yttrocerite, cerium ochre, spinel. 

 At Bozborougb, Mass.— with scapolite, spinel, garnet, angite, 



actinolite. 

 At Chester, Mass. — wi'h hornblende, scapolite, zoielte, spodu- 



mene, indicolite, magnetic iron. 

 At Chesterfield. Mass.— with blue, red, and green tourmaline ; 



cleavelandite, lithia, mica, smoky quartz, micniite, 



•podurnene, kyanite, rose beryl, garnet, quartz crystals, 



staurotide, tin, ore, columbite, rariegated copper ore, 



zoiMte, uranite. 

 At Hinsdale, Mass.— with brown-iron ore, zoisite. 

 At Lancaster. Mass.— with kyanite, chiaetolite, staurotide, 



pinite, andalusite. 





P&itt only be k*l into it 



^well doing-— trusting to industry and perseverance in 



«* ordinary means for which her climate fits her— not 



aVu,k£\ filful ener gy which seek* a sudden fortune in 

 VMM novelties.] 



Daubeu 



. . At Littleton, Mass. — with spinel, fcapolite. 



IS that of patient continuance | A.t Middlefield, Mass.— with gla--y actinolite, rhomb spar, 



steatite, serpentine, feldspar, diusy quartz, zuisite, nacrite, 

 chalcedony, talc. 



At Norwich, Mass. (very finespecimen)— with black tourmaUne, 



beryl, blende, quartz crystals. 

 At Sturbridge, Mass. — with graphite, pyrope, bog ore. 

 At Williamsburg, Mass. — with zoisite, rpseudomorphous 



quartz, rose and smoky quartz, galena, pyroiasitr, copper 



pyrites. 



At Litchfield, Connecticut — with kyanite and corundum, anda- 



lu>-ite, ilmeDite, copper pyrites. 

 At Middletown, Connecticut— with mica, lepidolite, green and 



red tourmaline, albite, feldspar, columbite, prehnite, 



garnet, beryl, topaz, uranite. 

 At Crown Point, New York— with garnet, masaive feldspar, 



epidote, Epsom salt, magnetic iron. 

 At Long Pond, New York— with garnet, pyroxena, idocrase, 



00 oolite, scapolite, magnetic iron ore, blue eaic spar. 

 At Mori ah, New York— with zircon, calc spar, actinolite, labra- 



dorite, mica, specular iron. 

 At Diana, New York— with scapolite, tubular spar, fcreen 



coccolite, ftldspsr, sphene, mica, quartz crystals, drusy 



qu*rtz, cry st. prices, magnetic pyrites, blue calc spar, 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. 



AMERICAN' PHOSPHATE OF LIME. 



Abe Secretary having been directed by the Council to 

 »«e inquiries on the subject of the occurrence of mineral 

 t ^f*" 1 ^ of Lime in tne United States, and in reference 

 we specimen of that substance which Dr. Daubonv 



°^ forwarded r« th* ThiL-n r*f n\nUwmmm*A u J 



^•■•ive 

 Dr. 



•erpt me, rtui 

 •and. 



At rlaer't Hook, New York— unastoeftated with other re- 

 markable minerals. 



At Two 1 U. ia Munroa, New York— with pyroxene, chon- 

 drodite, hor: leada, scapolite. iir on, sphene. 



At Edenrille, New York («ood specimen^)— with chondf*dite, 

 hair-brown hornblende, tremolite, spinel, toarma Una, war- 



wickltt, r xena, t-phtaa* mica, *Vld»par. ickeJ, orpi- 



mc-nt, rutile. ilmenite, scorodite, copper pyrites. 



At Gcmrerneur, New York— with calc §par, terpentine, horn- 

 b • nde, scapolite, feldspar, loxoclaaa, tourmaline, pj. 

 roxene, rrussalaerite, serpentine, sphene, rluor, heavy 

 spar, rutile, black mid copper. coloured mica, tremoute, 

 asbestus, specular iron, graphite, idocra*e, mica, quartz, 

 ipinel pyrites. 



At Roasie, New York (good specimens)— with calc spar, heary 

 spar, quarts crystals, chun-irodite, feldspar, pargasite, 

 pyroxena, mica, lluor, serpentine, autonio.ite, peari spar, 

 graphite, serpentine, zircon. * 



Greenfield, New York— with chiysoberyi, jrarnat, tour- 

 maline, mica, feldspar, graphite, arragotnte in iron 



mines). 



At Anthonj's Nosa, New Y'ork (good specimens*— with pyrites, 

 calotte* 



At West Farms, New York—with tremolite, garnet, stilbrte, 

 eulaniiie, chabatlte, epidote, iplieus. 



At Ba*t Bradfor Tensylv.— with gn en. blue, and grey lo anite. 



At Leiperville, Pennayl. (gaod spaeioM-nir- with batwl, tour. 

 maline, garnet, otytt. t«ld«par, uuca, kyauite, dasaounte, 

 sillimanite, red garnet, mica; (ordinsuy »pecimcns) with 

 andalusite, tourmaline, mica, grey kyaaita* 



At s,ingneld, Pannsyi.— with sUuroJit. 



At Chesnut Hill. TenusyL.— with mica, nrptprlns, doJoasite, 

 asbestus, nephrite, title, tourmaline, apheua, tremoute. 



At Germantowii, Penns>l. — with n.ica, teldsps beryl, gaswet. 



At Dixon's lYMspar <|aarriea, Delaware (KOo<i specimen*) — 

 with adalaria, ai a, bet>l. mica, leesiie, cinnaman-atcjne, 

 BUsf nasite, serpentine, :ubtstu««, black tourmaline, indloo* 

 lite, sphene, kyauite. 



Magnet Core, Arkansas — with broakite, sonorkonite, 

 elotalite, magnetic iron, <|uartE, green aaaaoUW , garnet. 



At Bay 8t. Paul, Canada East— with ilminite. 



AtGoetineau Hirer, Canada West— with calcite, tourmallnt, 

 hornblende, pyroxene. 



At Grand Calumet .Island, Canada West— with phlogtfite, 

 pyroxene, sphene, idocrase, serpentina, treinoUsW| scapo- 

 lite, brown and black tourmaline, pyrites. 



The Apatite, or Mineral Paosphateof Lime, « urs in crys- 

 talline>ocks. It is often found in v. ins in gnalss or itttasVtlate, 

 and part KiUrly those containing tin an-Hnn ore; also Id 

 granular limestone. It is sometimes mat with in serpentine, 

 and occasionally, at in .^pain, in ancient r>lcanie rocks* 

 Among foreign locaiitles are Ehreniriedardorf in Saaony ; 

 hiackenwald in Bohemia; Caldbeck Fell in Cumberland; 

 I'ovonahin- : St. Got hard in Switserland. I he gn uah.blue 

 ariety, called moralise) occurs at Arendal in Norway, and 

 Pargas, tin lead. 1 he H»par»gus-stone, or *pargelseaio varied , 

 which is obtained in Zillerthal in the Tyrol, »nd Villa Hica, 

 pain, is translucent, and has a wine-yellow colour ; it is im- 

 bedded in talc. The phosphorite, or masaira radiated vsneiies, 

 are mostly obtained from Estremadurain Spain, and Sihiacken- 

 wald in Bohei ». The eupychroite variety of Kramons is 

 similsr. Magniticent crystal of apatite, or mineral phospbaia 

 of lime, are iound in St. Lawrence Co., State of New ^ orfct, in 

 white limestone, along with scapolite, sphene, Ac. One crystal 

 from Robinson's Farm, in Hammond, was nearly a ; >ot in 

 length, and weighed 18 pounds. Smaller crystals are abundant, 

 and the prisms are frequently well terminated. Besides tho 

 locality in Hammond, tine crystals are obtained about a mile 

 south- east of Gourerneur in a similar gangue, and also in 1 ssie, 

 with spbene and pyroxene, two miles uonh of the Tillage of O*. 

 bow. Also on the bank of Vrooman lake, Jefferson Co., in white>' 

 limestone, fine green prisms from half an inch to 5 inches long ; 

 Sanford Mine, East Moriab, Ess« x Co , in magnetic iron ore, 

 which is often thickly studded with six-sided piisms ; also at 

 Long Pond, Essex Co. ; near Edenrille, Orange Co., in prisms 

 from half-an-inch to 12 inches long, of a bright asparagus- 

 graan colour, imbed dad in white limestone ; and in the sama 

 region, blue, greyish- green, and greyish-white crystals ; two 

 miles south ox Amity, emerald and bluish-green crystals ; at 

 Long Pond, Essex Co., with garnet and idocrase ; at Oreenfitld, 

 Saratoga Co., St. Antony's Nose, ami Corlaer's Hook, leia 

 interesting ; fibrous niammillated (eupyrchroite) at Crown 

 Point, Essex Co., about a mile south of JIammondsville. In 

 New Hampshire, crystals, often large, are abundant in the 

 south part of Westmoreland, four miles south of the north 

 village meeting-house, occupying a rein of feldspar and quarts 

 in mica-slate, along with molybdenite ; some line cyrstals at 

 Piermont, N.H., in white limestone, on the land of Mr. Thomas 

 Cross. In Maine, on Long Island, Blue-hill Bay, in veins 10 

 inches wide* intersecting granite. In Massachusetts, crystals 

 occasionally sis inches long are obtained at Norwich (north- 

 west part) in grey quartz ; at Bolton, abundant, the forma 

 seldom interesting ; al <» sparingly at Chesterfield, Chester, 

 arbridge, Hinsdale, and Williamsburg. In Pennsylvania, at 

 Leiperville, Delaware Co.; in Bucks Co., threa miles west of 

 Attleboro. Apatite, or mineral phosphate of lime, has also 

 been found near Baltimore, Maryland ; at Dixon's Quarry, 

 Wilmington, Delaware, <>f a rich blue colour; on the Morris 

 Canal near 8uckasung, N.J., of a brown colour ; in massive 

 magnetic pyrites ; also at Perth, Canada, 



(2; External L'liaracters. — Hexagonally crystalline ; also globu- 

 lar or kidney-shaped, w i .h a fibrous or imperfectly columnar 

 strucure, and massive, with a granular structure. Lustre 

 ilti us, inclining to sabresinous. Streak, white. Colour 

 usually sea green, bluish green, or violet blue ; sometimes 

 white ; also occasionally yellow, grey, red, and brown ; 

 none bright. Transparent— opaque. A bluish opalescence, 

 sometimes in the direction of the vertical axis, especially 

 in white varieties. Cross fracture conchoidal and uneven*. 

 Brittle. It is about 3± times heavier than water. 

 (3) Chemical Composition.— According to Professor Bose, apatite 

 is composed of — 

 Phosphate of lime (or bone-earth) •*—.„.. .92 •& 



Fluoride of calcium (or Derbyshire spar) 7*7 



160*0 

 The following analyses represent the composition of 100 parts- 

 of specimens from Norway, Spain, and the Tyrol, , 

 respectively :— 



From | Frtm , Fum 1 From From St. 



Snarum Cabo di Artndal 



in Gata in in 

 Norway.' Spain. Norway. 



Greiner Gothard 



in the 

 T yrol. 



in the 

 Tyrol, 



T u,,iC » vi wias sur/siance wnicii Ur. Daubonv 

 warded to the Duke of Richmond, replies were 

 d from his Excellency the American Minister 



Phosphate 

 of Lime .. ... 



Chloride of 

 Calcium 



F luoride of 



Calcium 



• •• 



91.13 



4.28 

 4.59 





92.066 

 0.865 

 7.049 



92.189 

 0.801 

 7.010 



92.16 

 0.15 

 7.69 



92.31 



a trace. 



7.C9 



100.00 f 100.000 | 100.000 100.00 100.C0 



^. iJaubeny, sir R. I. Mitrcliison, Sir Cliaa. Lyell 

 ta Pt. W . H. Smyth, Dr. - iawe, Prof. Johnston, of 



Rammtlsberf makes the composition of 100 parts of a 11 

 apatite from Schwarzenstein in Zillerthal : Lime 4966 Phoi- 

 phoricaeid 42-58, with Calcium 406, Chlorine 0*07. Fluorine 

 3-63. In a phosphorite from Estremadurn. Dr. Daubeny found 

 14 per cent, of Fluoride of Ca'cium, Mineral PhOBphate of 

 Lime is infusible when heated alone by means of the blow 

 pipe, but xnel'.s without difficulty into a brittle glass when 



