





1851.] 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



567 



bright buff, well-formed flower, of 



good centre. Mr. 



^phantom, * . . . 



m ' hie depth, and having a 



jj* depth, centre firm ; Ditto to Laura Lavington, 

 the same raiser. This is a dark salmon-brown 



who 



received a first class certificate for Triumphant, 

 ^2f.red medium sized kind, of fair outline and 



# ***V , aU ^^n^no flt*m • Tlittn ta T,n.nra Tifl.vinorf.nn. 



fiTlfcbt tip, and desirable in shape, size, and centre. 

 £^ ifjLvliaTB wftS assigned a first class certificate for 

 rw Frampton, a light-shaded purple, mottled flower, 

 LjlL* we have; mentioned before. Mr. Turner had a 

 5j of commendation for Morning Star and Globe, both 

 ising sorts. In Hollyhocks, Mr. Bragg, of Slough, 

 -aaved a certificate for King of Roses, a fine 

 Si which probably would have had a higher 

 2*1 had it not been injured by travelling. The 

 m me raiser was also voted a first class certificate 

 tr Swansdown, well shaped, a paper white. Labels 

 J etmaiendation were given to King of Yellows, 

 Jen of Arc, and Safranot, from Mr. Parsons. The 

 fat of these would have received a higher reward if a 

 ■jkfthad been shown instead of blooms. Some good 

 Kdioli were communicated by Mr. Wilmore 

 feeeived a first class certificate for Miss Wilmore ; a 

 ■IttftDg variety, and certificates for Josephine and Wel- 

 jggtoD, both good sorts, which cannot fail to find places 

 ■ eftry collection. Mr. Mackintosh, of Maida Vale, 

 Edge ware- road, showed a nice clear yellow shrubby 

 Calceolaria, with the habit of Kentish Hero. 



Rotal South London Floricultukal, S*pt. 3.— The fifth 

 n4 last exhibition this season took place on this occasion, 

 Aid wu nothing behind its predecessors in attractiveness. In 

 viietll*neoii9 collections of 15 Stove and Greenhouse Plants, 

 At Small Gold Victoria Medal was awarded to Mr. Hamp, 

 p. to J, Thorns, Esq. ; 2d, Gold Albert Medal, Mr. Over ; 

 Id, Mr. Stanly. Among Nurserymen, Messrs. Rollis*on re- 

 eled the Gold Albert Medal ; 2d, Messrs. Pamplin ; 3d, Mr. 

 Book. Cat Flowers were numerous and fine, and proved an 

 attractive feature of the show. Dealers' Class : 1st, Messrs. 

 jUlliiion ; 2d, Mr. Clark. Collections of Cut Roses were pro- 

 lixin high character, for freshness and fragrance : in Mr. 

 PaoTi group, which was first, were Therese Margot, Etendard 

 de Marengo, Pius IX., Angeline Boccella, Comte de Montalivet, 

 Julia de Fontanelle, Jean of Arc, Comte Bohriusky, Ophrie, 

 Okereau; Mr. Francis sent Cloth of Gold, Elise Sauvage, 

 Princesi de Modena, Leveson Gower, Augustine Mouchelet, 

 fiondA, Maria de Beaux, Geant des Battailles, and Vicomtesse 

 It Caiei. Hollyhocks, both in spi&es and detached blooms, 

 •QStribated largely to the general effect, and were greatly 

 tdmired : Messrs. Chater, 1 ; Bragg, 2 ; and Paul, 3 ; each 

 had epikes — among the sorts were Aurantia, Rosy Queen, 

 Rowmond, Elegans, Sulphureaperfecta, Spectabilii, Magnum 

 Bonum, Delicata improved, Surprise, Coccinea, Rosea grandi- 

 Iota, Bella Donna : Mr. C. Baron, Model of Perfection, En- 

 cfaantms, Walden Gem, Noblissima, Sulphurea perfects, Sir 

 W. de Eresby, Standard of Perfection, Susannah, and Sir D. 

 w iddeburn, the last four being Scotch varieties. Somenicely- 

 ArrADged Bouquets were exhibited by Mrs. Cuthill, of Cam- 

 berwell. Verbenas were well represented by Mr. G. Smith, 1 ; 

 tod Mr. Stewart, 2 ; likewise by Mr. Lochner, 1 ; Mr. Young, 

 i ; And Mr. Robinson, 3 : from the Tollington Nursery were 

 Macrantha, Defiance, Laura, St. Margarets, Surprise, Model of 

 Perfection, Voltigenr, King, Heroine, Exquisita, Wonder, 

 Ufgreti, British Queen, Heine Hortense, Lady of the Lake, 

 PigAro, Iphigene, Perfume, Aspasia, Minerva, Desdemona, 

 Bhylock, and hello; Mr. Lochner's dozen were St. Mar- 

 garet, British Queen, Reine Hortense, White Perfection, Vo\- 

 tigeur, Lady of the Like, Exquisite, Enchantress, Ninon de 

 1 fioclos, Laura, and Pochye. Messrs. Rollisson contributed 

 tome nice Orchids, An interesting group of 60 Alpine and 

 fAritgatcd plants, in pots, were furnished by Mr. Wood. Dahlias : 

 Of private collections there were 5 twenty -fours, 17 twe.ves, 

 I iix fancies, and 5 six new sorts. Dealers, 11 twenty-fours, 

 and 5 twelve fancies. To these must be added several for 

 extra prizes, together with many seedlings, three only of which, 

 iio weyer, received Certificates, viz., a Fancy, Laura Lavington 

 Ukeynei}, a dull red tipped white ; Attraction (Jeffries), a fancy 

 or oat little merit ; and Dr. Frampton (Rawlings), a small but 

 mentonous flower, having the colours of Princess Radziville. 

 Ama ears, 24 : 1st prize, J. Edwards, Esq., with Sir C. Napier, 



! 



Mr. Palmer, Fame. Miftfl Chaplin, Seraph, Yellow superb, 

 Negro, Duke of Wellington, Q-ie^n of the East. Summit el Per- 

 fecion, George Glen ny, Urami*, Mrs. Williams. Thames Bank 

 Hero, Charles Turner, and Sir F. B^thurst ; 4th, Mr. Bra/g, 

 Slough ; 6th, Mr. Drnmmond, Ba'h ; Gih, Mr. Leg*. Edmonton. 

 Nurserymen, 12 Fancies: 1st prize C Turner, with Empereur 

 de Maroc, Rachiel, Elizabeth, Mrs. Willis, Pretty Polly, Mrs. 

 Hansard, Lady Grenville, Jeannette, Mrs. Laboushere, Jenny 

 Lind, Gasparino, and Fl.-ral Beauty; 2d, Mr. Keynes, with 

 Princess Charlotte, Comic, La«ly Grenville, Conspu ua, Mrs. 

 Hansard, Madame Wacby, Striata perfects, Empereur de 

 j Maroc, Rainbow, Admiration, Jenny Lind, and Fljing Dutch- 

 man ; 3d, Mr. Barnes. For three blooms of Geo. Gknny : Ut, 

 Mr. Black ; 2d, Mr. Cook. In class showing, seedlings, the best 

 Dahlia was Dr. Frampton (Rawlings) ; the bebt fancy, Laura 

 Lavington (Keynes); the bist Fuchsia, Nil Desperandum 

 (G. Smith) ; the best Hollyhock King of Roses (Bragg); 2d, no 

 name (Black); 3d, Satisfaction (Bragg). Tne best Verbena, 

 National (G. Smit h) ; ?d, Koh-i-noor (do.) ; 3d, Orlando (do.). 



Noeth Kent Horticultural.— This meeting took place in 

 the Gravesend, or rather the Rosherville Garden*, on the 

 2d inst. Dahlias were the prominent feature, and a fine dis- 

 play they made. We give the awards. Collections of 24 : 

 let prize, Mr. Turner, Slough ; 2d, Mr. Bragg, Slough ; 

 3d, Mr. Bennett, Dulwich; 4, Mr. J. Edwards, Ho loway. 

 C-dlections of 12: 1st prize. Mr. Turner, Slough; 2d, Mr. 

 Hunt. Paddington ; 3d, Mr. Brag?, Slough; 4th, Mr. Bennett; 

 5th, Mr. J. Edwards. Collections of 12 Fancies ; 1st, Mr. Turner, 

 S'ough ; 2d, Mr. Bragg ; 3d, Mr. Hunt ; 4ih, Unknown ; 5 h, Mr. 

 Bennett, Dulwich ; 6th, Mr. Edward-. Collections of 6 Fancies : 

 1st prize, Mr. Turner; 2d, Mr. Hunt; 3d, Mr. Bragg; 4ih, 

 Mr. Bennett, Dulwich ; 5th, Mr. Edwards. To give the names 

 of the varieties exhibiting would be, for the most part, a repe- 

 tition of those enumerated at the Rojal South London Flori- 

 cultural Exhibition, reported in another column. Mr Haw- 

 lings received a Certificate for his Seedling " Dr. Frampton," 

 noticed in our account of the late meeting of the National 

 Floricultural Society. 15 Miscellaneous Stove and Green- 

 bouse Plants : 1st prize, Mr. Cole ; 2d, Mr. Stanly. 6 Hea'hs : 

 1st prize, Mr. Cole; 2d, Mr. Stanly. Fuchsias: Mr. Stanly. 

 Many other prizes of less importance were awarded. 





pi , " B "■ ~**«*c ui treuiugiuu, ^ueeu or i^iiacs, uoun 



•awards Yellow. Standard, Jullien, Tnaraes Bank Hero, Earl 

 f Clarendon, Cobden, Admiral, Miss Herbert, Roundhead, 

 wa. rancher, and Baltic; 2d, Mr. Weedon, Hillingdon, 

 J^n beeswing Mr. Edwards, Mr. Seldon, Earl of Clarendon, 

 1ST' o Ant J c, P a «on t Toison d'or, Shylock, Magnificent, 



DqUp ^r! Ca K l ^ Gem » E "*abeth, Roundhead Richard Cobden, 

 iJakeof^am^bndge, Sir F. Bathurst, Admiral, Model, Seraph, 



" ' 3d, Mr. Hopkins, 



Blooms, — 1st prize 

 Seldnn *kVT"*% p imlico, with Queen of Lilacs, Mrs. 

 r^fc 8 £ ank Hero, Lady Sr. Maur, Earl of Claren- 



ssex 



Black Vr' f«"i? to wa *" er i a »a Sir r\ Uathurst; Zd, Mr. 

 aaid RlaA p ' 08ter » Es 3-> viewer, with Leda, Model, Bar- 

 W Tv£l u ??' Duke of Wellington, Queen of the East, 

 Sir C \ll Vb > M /" SeldoD » Mn. Seldon, Earl of Clarendon, 

 ton, with lari'nf rl Cob ^ en I 3d > Mr. James, Stoke Newing. 

 >tiro Mr 2 \a Ci ^ rend o» > Mrs, Bacon, Duke of Wellington, 

 *!&, Mr. Seldon . s.i.^ «,. » *>^.^ Admiral, Summit 



rple, and S)r C. 

 wicfi-Xk ?/■• Mosl ey, MaiJa Hill: 5th. Mr. Bennett, 



Ktrk pa trick, 



prize lfi> "iii *"**' Marr » r ancy varieties, six blooms: 

 'rinceiaTAM. m ^ ek * with Empereur de Maroc, Raphael, 

 ft Mr. K^i^^^^^Mr/Hansard, 



525r !T' * ?i er0 > Jul,ien » and P yche; 

 * ; - b,Mr ' ^hite, Chelmsford. If 



£ldon ^ ° D to Pimlico ' with Qttorn 



ta i Mr tiT* n a ? k Hero » Lady Sr. Maur, OIH -, ui v, a 



Wph S sf r 0D 6 Du N ke ? f Wellington, Cobden, Fearless, E 

 BlariT 1 ^.' *^« « Na P ier , and Sir F. Bathurst; 2d, 



CM ' « ,,e ft Sbackleweli; 7th, Mr. 

 I" priir Mr \ U f- Harri8 ' Fancy varieties, 

 ^ncewLnnf; B l aclj ' with E ™pereur de 

 KM? vT*' i eaQ y Lind » Mr-. Hansard, i 

 Vel^^ T wi i h Mrs - Hansard, 

 p ope wiS n?!', Lad y G «nville, and Eli 



and Pretry Polly ; 



{f»ny Lind, 

 rlowen 



M 



^A With Viin! 



ds , with Mrs. Hansard, Rachael, Pretty 



-le, and Elizabeth; 3d, Mr. 



ghland Chief, Triomphe de Magdeburgb, 



r8. Hansard, Reizende Ton Eisthal. New 



prize, Mr. Black, with Model, Leda, Barmaid, 

 With v ,% k Napier » and Nepaulese Prince ; 2d, Mr. 



^ td , AdmiP.f v e8peranduua » Napoleon, Jullien, Round- 

 ^lon 2 k ^ and Nepaulese Prince; 3d, Mr. 

 J C. KaniTr n , glQ3j Nil ^^sperandura, Roundhead, 

 Crimen ./i e of Rothesay, and Nepaulese Prince. 



$& Cobden r var >eties : 1st prize, C. Turner, Slough, 

 fS^ine q* f arnjaid . Model, El Dorado, Princess Radztvili, 

 ^ Hern u °l Lilac8 » Mr. Seldon, Fearless,; Thames 

 6 *m \7r« i gnifi ~" 



£• 



eDanl„ c "., . cent > Black Pfince, Earl of Clarendon 



Her n n,""^ Duke of Ca «« brid ge, 

 ro m . puk« of Wellington, Blanc 



» 



ex 



T 



Sir C. Napier, 



bfleur, Princess 

 ?•' Mr.* # K7«nA nu ?R h » Mr8 ' s « ld ori, and Sir F, Rathurst; 

 r* c ». Duke i f w ,?. alUbur y. with El Dorado, Queen of 

 R... . « or Wellington, Seraph, Matrnincent, Mrs. Seldon, 



Jg*!!. En 



P 



?°^rb t EiJ. t •' Ueiieral Gaucher, vSir F. Bathurst, Yellow 



1^ . ..MitK Tr^mi.h a»„ b^-i— -^ chap in, Fear- 



dame Gonberts, 

 u • -u omm oj -» rome, Sir Robert 



S^tant, Prin..--' i* Mr% Bajne % Siowmarket, with Mag. 



^ofClarenrt*.* *i l * { > li ' Cwt >den, Fearless, Grmadi r, 



uaou » Ambassador, General Faucher, Mr. ieldou, 



Garden Memoranda. 



Mr. Mitchell's, Kemp-town, Brighton. — The garden 

 here contains about 5 acres within the walls ; it occupies 

 a cold bleak situation near the South Downs and the 

 sea-coast, and is divided into squares by cross walls. 

 In one of the Vineries there had been some well-6\velled 

 Black Hamburgh Grapes which had been remarkably 

 well coloured ; from long experience Mr. Mitchell 

 has found that the art of colouring Grapes well 

 rests entirely in judiciously admitting air when 

 the house is opened, and he attributes his success 

 solely to this system. The houses are mostly 

 heated with common flues, and the Vine leaves were 

 perfectly healthy and free from insects. In one of the 

 Vineries an excellent second crop of Black llamburghs 

 was just beginning to colour. Muscats, except a late house, 

 were all cut. Heliotropes and scarlet Geraniums cover the 

 back walls, from which flowers can be gathered nearly 

 all the year round, and half-hardy plants are wintered 

 on the floors of some of the houses, which are paved 

 with bricks for the purpose. Peaches on the open walls 

 have borne no fruit here this year ; and in some 

 instances the trees themselves have been nearly 

 killed. They are never summer pruned ; the young 

 shoots are permitted to grow out from the wall 

 during the summer months, and are afterwards nailed 

 and pruned at the same time, in the proper season, 

 that being all the management they receive. The 

 young wood is left untouched, in order to protect the 

 fruit from the sea breeze. Some idea of the bleakness 

 of the place will be gleaned when we state that dwarf 

 Kidney Beans are protected in squares by hedges of 

 Scarlet ^Runners, and tall varieties of Peas, which 

 are secured by firm tying. A large bed of 

 Fuchsia Riccartoni was one mass of crimson flowers, 

 which it produces every year without more attention 

 than that of cutting the plants down before frost comes, 

 and covering the stools with ashes or similar protection. 

 Some masses of mixed Verbenas were also ex- 

 ceedingly gay. A new Camellia house, having a 

 north aspect, has lately been erected. In one half 

 of it the large specimens are planted out in sunken 

 brick tubs filled with prepared soil. They were moved 

 into these last May, and the lifting has caused many of 

 them to come prematurely into bloom. In the other 

 half of this house there is a stage for young plants in 

 pots. One or two greenhouses were gay with Balsams, 

 the pretty blue Lobelia ramosa, scarlet Geraniums, and 

 other summer occupants ; and the place altogether was 

 in excellent keeping, without a weed to be seen. On a 

 north wall were some very fine Morello Cherries, which 

 were fetching 2s. 6d. a lb. 



Miscellaneous- 

 Deaf A of Dr. Neil!, of Edinburgh. — We regret to 

 announce the decease of this amiable gentleman, 

 which took place at his residence, Canonmills, on the 

 3d inst,, at a very advanced age. During a large 

 portion of the past century he was the steady friend of 

 gardeners and gardening ; he was himself an enthusi- 

 astic horticulturist, and his writings on the subject 

 possessed much merit. He was also a well-known 

 British botanist ; and we believe was the principal means 

 of making the discoveries of the late Mr. George Don, 



of Forfar, known to the public. 



On the Direction taken by Plants. By MM. Macaire 

 and A. De Candolle.— In the number of the " Biblio- . _-.. --- « ; , 



theque Universale de Geneve" for December, 184.9, is blue light produced stronger evapora tion even than 

 a notice of Macaire'i paper in the Philosophical white, while yellow light always displayed less po*er. 

 Transactions for 1848, on the "Direction taken by 

 Phmts," accompanied by observations from Prot. A. De 

 Candolle. Macaire had previously published rv arches 

 q the Curling of Tendrils. In these new investigations 

 he chiefly occupied himself with the tendency of the stem 

 and leaves towards the light, rejecting the old explanation 

 by ft curling of the stem, as given by De Candolle and 



I Dutrochet, and sought to m ut whet!, r or nut light 



exerts an attraction. He j teed tome Di d in 



longfeh glass vessel of water, covering or, hah >f the 

 glass with black paper, so as to d;. i it, and then fixed 

 a partition between the light and dark ha! s, reachin 

 nearly down to the water. The Duckweed in the rk 

 half was bleached, but did not change its position to 

 approach the light. Peas, Beans, and Mustard-seeds 

 were placed on little floats of cork in the dark part ; 

 they germinated and even flowered, the stem elo gating 

 towards the light, but the cork floats were not moved. 

 When the stem projected above the partition, it took an 

 upright direction and became green. Peas were pi ed 

 upon floats in an upright glass covered with black paper, 

 with only a single slit in it to give passage to light, also 

 in a blue glass in like manner, but the floats did not 

 approach the slit where the white light was very strong. 

 Macaire's observations, according to which these expert 

 ments seemed to show that white light caused the pro- 

 duction of rootletaon the side of the root turned towards 

 it, and blue light on the side turned aw :n , appear, from 

 subsequent observations of M. Clos, to have been acci- 

 dental phenomena, since the rootlets always shoot out 

 in longitudinal rows, alternating with the til i . of the 

 woody mass of the root. Macaire demonstrated the in- 

 correctness of Dutrochet's assertion that the pans of 

 the curvation is to be found in the modification of the 

 endosmotic process by the influence of light ; he also 

 denies that heatexerci * aa influence i n tin • ndosmose, 

 so that the ascent of water into an endosraometer filled 

 with one and the same solution of sugar is equal at 

 and 10 Q Centigrade, if the expansion of the glass be 

 taken into account. This leads De Candolle to propose 

 that new and most careful experiments should be made, 

 since he has observed that the endosmose goes on much 

 more rapidly in an endosmometer kept in a warm room, 

 and in summer, than at a lower temperature. Macaire 

 further states that light has no influence upon endos- 

 mose ; and since light and heat are such pov rfui 

 promoters of vegetation, he concludes that endosmose is 

 not an important operation in the growth of plants. Ho 

 also does not believe that a fluid can rise by endosmose 

 through several membranes, lie closed the ends of 

 three tubes of different diameters with bladder, placed 

 them one within the other, filled them with syrup, and 

 then put the whole into pure water, which only rose into 

 the first tube. The same occurred in experiments made 

 with other fluids, such as gum, alcohol, \ c. De Candollo 

 repeated the experiment, by filling with syrup an endos- 

 mometer, closed with double bladder, on the upper end 

 of which was attached a bladder also filled with syrup, 

 the whole being placed in pure water. At the end of 

 four hours the bladder was distended, and not only had 

 the water penetrated into this but into the tube, through 

 the double bladder. Macaire has also confirmed the 

 statement that the position of leaves depends upon light. 

 When, for example, he lighted a leaf from below, and 

 threw shade over the upper face, it turned round, lie 

 reversed twigs, and observed, as Bonnet did, a twisting 

 of the leaves, remarking at the same time that in leaves 

 w Inch had the two surfaces of very different colour, the 

 twisting was effected more quickly than in other eases ; 

 for instance^ Bramble and Raspberry leaves twibi*d 

 round in less than two hours. According to Macaire 

 the twisting takes place sometimes in the blade of the 

 leaf and sometimes in the stalk. Leaves of Lilac and 

 Polemonium c;eruleum twisted back by a spiral curling 

 of the limb ; leaves of Beans, the Raspberry, Che aut, 

 Maple, Geranium, and Cercis, by the petiole. If the 

 same leaves were reversed under water and the petiole 

 fastened in a hole, they turned over by the 1 aina. A 

 leaf deprived of its stalk and laid upon water, the under 

 face turned toward the sun, rolled itself together like -a 

 ball, to expose its under face to the light and hide the 

 other surface. When the leaf was placed underwater 

 on a float the reversal was effected without displacement. 

 Thus the light does not attract any part of the leaf 

 towards itself. In order to try which of the rays pf 

 light were the agents in the production of this phenom- 

 enon, Macaire laid leaves under red, blue, green, yellow, 

 and violet glasses, after having accurately determined 

 which rays were actually transmitted through the glass. 

 When only the red rays passed through, there was no 

 turning over of the leaves ; under blue glass, which 

 transmitted also some red, and violet, which transmitted 

 red and blue, the leaves turned over, more readily under 

 the latter. Macaire also instituted experiments in order 

 to determine the effect of light on the evaporation of 

 water and the decomposition of carbonic acid. When 

 the lower face of a leaf received light, the evaporation of 

 water was stronger. With leaves of the Chestnut the 

 difference in the two first hours amounted to a pro- 

 portion of 13 6 to 1 1-2. As the leaf dried, the difference 

 diminished and disappeared. Detached leaves with 

 their stalks placed in water, and receiving their light on 

 what is properly the under side, showed an evaporation 

 twice or three times as strong as when the light shone 

 upon the upper face. Hence why the turning over of 

 the leaf is so injurious ; it causes them to wither. Under 

 coloured glasses the strongest action was with the blue, 

 then with the violet and the green rays. o-*-*««— 



Sometime 



The deconq >ition of carbonic acid and excretion of 

 oxvgen only take place in cellular tissue which has not 

 been disorganised. A leaf of a Uochea stripped of its 

 cuticle and placed beneath water containing carbonic 

 acid, evolved oxygen, which however scarcely came 

 from the ceils of the surface. An equal quantity of cel- 

 lular tissue squeezed down and placed in like manner 



