

RS 



CHR 



NT 



T 



did not girt off any oxy^n 



Thus it is 



umirr water did not give on 1117 u, V8 — • - — - 



t U gr . n substance, but only the organised cellar 

 Sue which possesses the power of decomposing 

 When the epidermis remained this was stronger. Leases 

 bug up 111 bell-glasses filled with water «*^« ^ 

 bonic a,i«l, and lighted, sometimes upon the upper, 

 sometimes upon the under face, the side of the De 1 

 turned away from the light being covered with black 

 paper, gave off twice or thrice as much oxygen w en 

 Sey received the light, as usual, upon the upper - aid , 

 and the difference became more and more .evident the 

 longer the experiment was kept in operation When 

 the leaves of Camelliaa are wetted, the stomates close ; 

 the evolution of air then takes place from he petiole, 

 and the bubble* may rea-hly be collected while arising 

 from this part ; experiments made with these showed 

 that when the light was received on the upper side a 



" vhile when the under 



Thus 



e produced. 



quantity of hubbies came forth, wh 

 side was illuminated very few wer m 

 leaves which are lighted from below evaporate less water 

 and decompose I a carbonic acid. How this acts on the 

 turning over of the leaves is still a mystery. The evapo- 

 ration cannot act in this, for it is prevented under water, 

 and yet the leaves turn round in such a condition. The 

 excretion of oxvgen is not arrested by the submersion 

 of the leaves in water ; this, as well as the revolution of 

 the leaf, occurs under the influence of light. It must 

 therefore be through the distention of the tissue by 

 oxygen and the fixation of the carbon, that the leaves 

 bend, curl or twist upon their petioles. The cause is 

 evident, but we do not know how it acts. Botanical 



Gazette* 



Calendar of Operations. 



(For the ensuing week.) 



PLANT DEPARTMENT. 



Many of the plants intended for winter flowering have 



now filled their present pots, and are still growing fast J 



but unless they are very small, it will bo better not to 

 pot them again this season, but to assist them with oc- 

 casional waterings of liquid manure. The size of the 

 flowering pot must always be regulated by the purpose 

 for which the plants are grown. In most cases, a supply 

 of flowering plants is required for conservatory and 

 drawing-room decoration ; and as many of these will 

 be required to fit various ornamental vases, it is ne- 

 cessary to practise the small shift system, by making the 

 soil as rich as the plants will bear it, and keeping the 

 pots as small as p Bible in proportion to the size of the 

 plants ; and should any further stimulant be required, it 

 must be applied in the shape of liquid manure. These re- 

 marks, of course, apply to quick-growing things which 

 are cultivated for a particular purpose, and are after- 

 wards of very li tie moment. 



FLOWER OARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES. 



About a month since we recommended all those who are 

 anxious to make the finest display of flowers next summer, 

 to take notes of the most effective plants for the purpose, 

 and of the habits and peculiarities of each. We would 

 recommend that such a review be carefully repeated, 

 and the present state of the plants noted also, marking 

 particularly those which at that time made a creditable 

 display, but which have now become shabby or indifferent. 

 The object of going over them several times is to dis- 

 tinguish those kinds which commence early in the 

 season, and continue in the greatest perfection to the 

 latest period ; that in future arrangements these 

 may be generally if not exclusively used, to the 

 rejection of all those whose beauty is short-lived. In 

 making arrangements of this kind, it is not necessary to 

 include an immense variety ; as the symmetrical 

 relationship between the parts not only admits of repeti- 

 tion, but demands that the corresponding parts should 

 be similarly furnished. The object should be to make 

 the tout ensemhle perfect ; and in almost every case 

 this may be done best by a small selection. For 

 example, if a gardener has of each distinct colour, 

 and of the most useful intermediate shades, a few 

 suitable plants of different heights, he may with 

 proper taste make the arrangement of his masses as 

 perfectly beautiful as a thing of the kind can be. 

 The best way to proceed then is to make a list of desi- 

 derata, filling it up for the present with the things 

 which approach most nearly to his standard, and substi- 

 tuting other and better things as soon as they come 

 under his notice. One very important point to be at- 

 tended to in the selection of plants for bedding purposes 

 is the proper balance between flower and foliage, and 



playing theiTcharms, than with the deep glossy green 

 of the Rhododendron for a ground colour. 



FORCING DEPARTMENT. . 



Peach Houses.— Jhe trees in the early houses having 

 matured their growth, the foliage is gradually falling off, 

 notwithstanding the care that was taken to preserve it 

 as long as possible. To prevent the littery appearance 

 produced by the falling leaves, a birch broom should be 

 passed gently up the branches every second or third day, 

 to bring down all the leaves which are ready, that they 

 mav be removed, instead of being allowed to keep the 

 house in an untidy state. As soon as the leaves are all 

 off, the trees should be untrained, and the shoots washed 

 over with a solution of sulphur and soft soap, taking 

 care to perform both this operation and that of removing 

 the leaves without injuring the young fruit or wood- 

 buds for next year. The glass should be well washed 

 and the whole of the woodwork of the sashes and 

 rafters either washed very clean or painted; the 

 latter is of course preferable, if circumstances permit. 

 The front trellis and the back wall should be painted 

 with oil paint. All this may be done by the ordinary 

 labourers, and is therefore not so expensive as at first 

 might be thought, while it gives the house a respectable 

 appearance, and effectually smothers every insect, in any 

 stage, which may be lurking about the trees or their 

 supports. As much of the effete soil as the roots will 

 allow should be scraped away from the surface of the 

 border, and replaced with fresh mellow loam, mixed with 

 fine charred refuse, which all plants are fond of. No 

 animal manure should be applied, as the trees can be 

 stimulated to any required extent by using it in a liquid 

 state during the growing season. The concluding opera- 

 tion will be to give the borders a good soaking of clean 

 water, which will keep them sufficiently moist during the 

 dormant season. 



KITCHEN GARDEN. 



Preparations should now be made for planting out the 

 young Cauliflowers raised last month. A shallow trench 

 should be formed sufficiently wide to receive the hand- 

 lights, removing the soil to the depth of about 6 inches, 

 and laying it on the edges in a similar manner to a 

 Celery trench. The bottom should then be manured 

 and dug, and spaces the size of the handlights marked 

 out, planting only every alternate space, and reserving 

 the intermediate ones for setting the tops of the hand- 

 lights upon when not required over the plants. The 

 strongest of the young Cauliflowers should then be 

 planted about 4 inches apart, and the handlights, having 

 first been put into repair, should be placed over them. 

 The tops, however, should never be left on, except in 

 case of frost or heavy rains, and even in the latter case 

 air should be admitted. Early Celery should be earthed 

 up as required, but the main crop must still be deferred 

 till it has arrived at its full growth, as there is yet time. 

 It is scarcely necessary to say that fine weather should 

 be chosen for this operation, and that the soil should be 

 as dry as can reasonably be expected at this season. 



State of the Weather near London, for the week ending Sept. 4, 1851, 

 as observed at the Horticultural Garden, Cuiswick. 



August 

 and Sept 



a. 



Babombtkb. 



I 



T«M?XKATUIE 



c 

 c 



Max. Min 



Friday.. 29 

 Satur. .. 30 

 Sunday . 31 



1 



• • — 



.. 3 

 4 



on da j 

 Tuct. . 

 Wed. 

 Thurs 



• * 



A vprqo-i 



3 

 4 

 5 



6 



t 



8 

 9 



29.902 

 30.18C 



30.'240 

 30.219 

 30.093 



50.127 



30.019 



Of the Air. 



Of the Earth Wind. 



A 



29.707 

 80.024 



20.173 

 30.13S 

 30.067 

 30.072 

 3« i.029 



30.114 30.030 



AU$. 



**— Ulear and cold ; showery, hail in afternoon; ovetcaat. 

 30— LUht clouds and cold; very coldfor the season at ni^ht. 



— 31— Colo; c)oudy throughout. 



Sep*. 1— Cloudy and fine; very fins; overca*t. 



— 2 -Hazy; cloudy; very fine ; overcast. 



— 3— Hazy; fine; very fine; clear at night. 



— 4— Foggy; overcast; vey fire; cloudy. 



Mean temperatur e of the w? ek. 1 dee. below the average. 



State of the Weather at Cmswiclc, during the last 25 years, for the 



ensuing week, ending S*pi. 13. 1811. 



Sept. 



Sunday 



Mon. 



Tues. 



Wed. 



Thurs. 



Friday 



Satur. 



No of 

 Tears in 

 which It 



Rained. 



Greatest 

 Quantity i 



Prevailing Winds. 



of Rain. 



1 



14 



10 



11 



14 



9 



8 



11 



0.55 in. 



0M 



1.03 



1.27 

 0.46 



0.49 

 0.49 



1 

 2 





M 



3 



4 



3 



1 

 3 

 4 



* 



«5 



9 



3 2 



1 2 



Si 



5 1 



4 

 4 



5 

 6 

 4 

 I 

 2 



9 

 9 



7 



6 

 b 

 4 



5 



*2 



*2 

 6 



r 



10 



5 





1 



1 



2 

 2 



.') 



arm 



proper ^complementary colours also come within the 

 angle of viaon from the same point ; but those flower- 

 beds wh,ch .are intended to please upon close inspection, 

 must be plentifully interspersed with green foliage to 

 relieve the eye from the unpleasant sensation produced 

 by gazing on an intense colour. We would wish to see 

 the principle of methodical arrangement carried far 

 beyond the parterre, that every clump of shrubs may 

 give evidence of the reign of good taste, in the disposi- 



JV s,neS K and C0,ours - M ™.vof the finest and 

 most showy herbaceous plants are now in their beauty, 

 and by studying the effect they produce in different 



2 ons ', ,t "L mo ™ easy t0 decide whcre the y ™y «e 



iS^JSlA*** Vantage. The irk 



The highest temperature during the above period occurred on tha~T«th 

 18U-thenn.91 deg. ; a nd the lowest on the 12th^s-the7m .31 °dej. * 



Notices to Correspondents. 



asses 



of Rhododendrons and other 

 stand particularly in need, during tena^TS 



l^nT\ A i omte f» C , hinese «<* Noisette Roses, 

 Hollyhocks, &c, planted amongst them • and the latter 



cannot be placed in a more favourable situation^ for d£ 



Balsam*: F B II. If you do not allow your plants to expend 

 their strength in forming flowers, they will do so in forming 

 sh«ot8. 'Ihe removal of a few flower-buds strengthens 

 ethers • but that is very different from destroying ail the 

 flower-buds. rf ° 



Beans : J H O. We do not recognise the variety from descrip- 

 tion. Can you furnish us with a specimen of it * f 



Bees: Ravenswood. The only mode of getting rid of the wild 

 bees will be by unrooting the place, removing the honey and 

 combs, and destroying tne bees taking care in replacing the 



E T u n^Vi * * °K, any bte * that mft y e "»P« to «'nra 



to It s next to impossible to - seduce them into hives " Y ™ 

 b L. A thatch cf straw or ree<Js over the weather h fta ^, 

 would be the best for the purpo o. I is* Z desirao? £ 

 hue so many hives in such close proximi'v as vonrn*...^ 

 ••b^hoo*." will bold; if yoa coSd conTinTen^d?^ 

 into two it would be beter. Your aspect fsou'h) is m t 

 *r We,t, b, south or nor.b (the l.tVtJ b preferred 

 ually convenient), is far better. Y. °±«eit:rrea, 



proper 

 if rq 



Birds— The Fly-Catcher 



Sarah K. This is a sprightly, 

 movement*. 



well be de- 



graceful bird, when at liberty ; and you mav 

 lighted with the rapidity of his movement*/ Although, so 

 tame, on no account take possesion of his little Derscin Tf 

 immured in a cage, his death wuld be the non!i£, ^ X , 

 his confidence in your friendship. The.« h?£. J P f 



insectivorous. W.K.-lm* NightinoTm I JL Th«W y 

 of the birds you describe!*, at this season *£», f 7 ^ 



You could not purchase it a bstter tlme^^ £^ C £ 



[Sept 



uLAUbiAr; «/ H. vve nave -it \r\« — -^ — 

 selected for you a bi^d and ease 7r£ T 

 genthman of good promise, andVill t * mer *• 





cause of your bird so disfiguring him^if ■ !' A * 

 feathers, and showing so L,U&^ 



^i CCF » i«i in, iu prey at leisure upon his 7d*vtJ*A 

 once >, destroy :he intVcted eage^Lguents^ 

 of little avail in such cases as the^e L« il 

 made on the model already recommended - - 



i^ners , ana snowing so many r syinpto m8 "of « Wlkll f ••* 

 the red insect you speak of. This irr,r .11 *"«**••* fc 

 has taken up its residence in his cs*p. J ? am **W 

 creeps forth, to prey at leisure nnn Q his devoted ** **** * 



gueots and^etSllL * 



None of the* 6 7%^ will then forclYhTm^ 

 bird will speedily recover Before removfn^ h£ M "• 

 quarters, take him carefully in your hard • »*a I toh »«* 

 gently on his feathere (below the breasn von i-,. y bl *5 

 cover if there be any latent enemy, it thi* h! *v °°* *• 

 a fine needle will assist in his ejectment IF v' ^JE* 11 * 

 bird has ei.herinjured his leg by straining* betw^ •?" T ** 

 of his cage,-or he has the cramp. If his b c lawa beofin^ 

 length, we imagine he is suffering from the former 5 1 

 case, with a pair of sharp scissors, remove the ell , 

 offence, being careful not to cut too closely If £ I ** 

 cramp, keep his cage covered over, and remors w*.* 1 

 warm situation. To remove the constipation dv AS? U % 

 diately a small portion ot finely-scraped raw' beef m-*** 

 wnh water; or some warm boiled milk. He win'.^* 1 * 

 and the raw beef will accelerate his return to "in. 

 he is better, let him fly about the room for an honr * 

 These birds like exercise, and love to bask in a ?unrV JES' 

 If /v.-Song I?teds generally: C P. We will Rive Jm!* 

 sideration to your proposition. At present, all is in eorJ*? 

 You cannot do better than read our remark- - ■"■* 



destruction of Rats and Mice, in aviaries have been m 



given in the early numbers ; as you will find on re r i3 

 W. K.— Goldfinches, &c. : J C Ewan. Feed vonr i2 



their serial form, from week to week. "" DiVecJioiff^ij 



een mio^k 

 ►a re r er«2[ 



., . — . „— .»,-..-«, W v,. . %, v x^«/w/6. xeea your tttmi 



birds on bruised Hemp seed, Canary and F!ai wfi 

 present ; also give them some of the German Paste ntm. 

 mended last week. Leave off giving them HempieedU 

 gether, in another month, gradually; and confine themt 

 Canary and Flax seed only. Feed them yourself; and if m 

 hang rhemup in a quiet place, 1 hey will *oon become famiff 

 We ^haUhave to treat on "Breeding Goldfinch Mh,u*Ioi 

 before you will require the information sought for. YoJ 

 Goldfinches will not be injured by the company in whid 

 you propose to place them. Quite the contrary. All tfc 

 back numbers are at present in print, and jour other rtm| 

 has be n attended to. W. K. 

 Books: A Rural Dean. We do not understand what is mettt 



by " gardeners' flowers." Pray enlighten u*.-Sub. Now«| 

 can enable >ou to identify fruits by description only. Liii 

 ley's " Guide to the Orchard" is the best.— D C. If yoa«| 



refer to page 520 you will find that your question hat ben 

 answered. J 

 Fairy Rings : A Sub. These are caused by the undergrooij 

 spawn of fungi — usually of the Agaricus oreades. Tbeipin 

 spreads regularly from a centre, and produces fungi attbt 

 outside of the circle thus formed. By degrees the circki 

 wear out or become blended together. We know of 

 means of destroying them without also destroying the G 



itself. 



Furest Trees : R F. You had best transmit seeds. Gatbs 

 them as they ripen, dry them well in the sun, and sendttaa 

 loosely in canvas bags. \ 



Grapes : J F. There are many sorts of Hamburgh Grapes.lt 

 fering iu colour, quality, &c. It almost always hap 

 however, that what are called Red llamburghs gainthsr 

 red colour either because they have not air enough, tt 

 because their roots are too deep. Vine roots should alnji 

 be near the surface. But their being near the surfaceaf 

 itself be ii jurious, unless means are provided to keep off m 

 rains and fro«t. In dry ground frost does tbunnohars; 

 but in watpr-lopgr-d ground it is highly injurious. 

 must be rested somehow . — IF H. You must maintain 1 a $ 

 temperature during the day, or they will not ripen wittj* 



Let it fall at nights } 

 Insects : PJ N. The lar^e caterpillar is that cf the mm 



cod- 



Chaffer, Melolontha vulgaris. We know of no better pto 

 of destiuction than to dig up the ground Md^"| 

 grubs ; or of prevention than by empl'Jing childrw ■ 



catch and kill the beetles when they appear m numbeni 



the sumnn r, W, _ , . « — ^ 



Kalmias: SHF. They are propagated by layer or M«» 



The seed should he sown as soon as rips in P.^/^.J'S 

 under a north wall ; the seeds should be , ni«d w 

 sand and scattered over the peat. Ha nd.g ^" s JJ^J 

 placed over the place. They may be struck from cat. n^ 

 which case they must be treated like Heaths and otner w 

 wooded plants. 

 Liliks :NM. You must replant them. J ^^ 



Mushrooms : Cymro. It does not «»!^ »\ ^f xbe*^ 

 growing is concerned, how you feed your horses 1 £ 

 pings will be equally available for that purpose, whe cer^ 



elephant hawk moth, Deilephila Elpenor. W.-8 &. 

 erubs in your kitchen garden are those of the common 

 b , ,>. __ »«_i„i .v.« „.,i„«^« W© Utinw of no better 



Potato. *■* 



-G Bloon. It is the common state of the Cb "£ n „„,< 

 is regarded »s the first stage of the s plant ff 



" '- well known, and of no vaiue, . r_^ 



nature. It is 



curiosity ,-F Masters. We nerer heart _«*__*• ,g^* 



mention, D*P«rt up on '* £ ey P !" « *" ^ ri umaj 



m 



not worth culti»ating.-F D. P ancra ' , . u ' 1 " era lI0I1 „ - 

 Sea Mot, to not a plant, but a congtomera ,w 



oftf'** 



oea JB058, i» "»» » f* rr 7 " u> rannot name ^"^ 

 spiculse of some sort. -Alpha. V\e ^""^ ^.toccj 



having neither flowers nor *™ lt --f??* e ^Mi€*^ 

 mune.-£J /,. Ditto. The cause of its appe f ^ ^ 

 ♦i.„. A fa «««anul dnmnness and snaoe.--^ _ . . nrn c sa* 



there is unusual dampness and ^naoe. 



Telephium 



binum.— A 



the morse , Mif m wv- 



The compact habit of ihe V 1 ?" 1 ™**?^ further 

 situation.lF-A few inquiries stand over for 



ation. . _ ^^-* nf other -^ 



and a 



host of 



3> 



iuts: wd, z, A c, a»u « .";:: hlM { n thei"rj^, 



Enquirers," hare our very best W»™£ th . ir *W 



cases of cruel grievance. They will have 



plied with next week. W K. . tender } n ^M 



SeuuT Rurhi : WN. Very large and e T D e tbat the 5^* 



STaawuEaaiBs: Constant Reader. WeW» * ar "$S 



Laani/b»ui«9 • w*--' * 



Pine may be ob'ained, true, or 



Sou:htmpton.-iV if. The Mpme is the very 

 possinly am wer your purpose. : bu 



latest, 



* 



7 B H. Lime will nor *m ^-;'" ' U y f you ^ 



If the soil is ^^°^ n iKVo(t^ 

 by repeal forking. The be • ; urn ^ 

 I vi from a wall, f o as loon to spr°u 



growth. 



pa*e it by repeated forking 



cutting Ivy 

 month of March. 



- -SSj 



I 



SEEDLING F LOWERS. flrl(| . y) 

 Rose,: Anon. Your Rose U certainly a « |f u J,.a „ 



are overdone wi 



J,b TS^iSi-j »»«* : Ifl 



pethapi (although doubtful), increase m 



