



PERUVIAN GUANO. 

 11TTION TO AGRICULTURISTS - 



( 1 \ l b L« notoriou! that extensive adulterations of this 



I 



JisCBB are-MU carried on. AS TnE 



ON^Y INIPORTEHS OF PERUVIAN GUANO, 

 0>LI * M \T « _ j n t - * the Peruvian Governmei 



Oi-Mri^f ^. nVo% d cc^mend Farmers and all othe. 



and 



th. Public again to rccommeuu 

 \A* carefoU ? oo their guard. 



gf^ourta 

 ft«_don • - . 



^ A^ fce» sold by them during the last two years 

 ^o7 n* mr ton, less 2| 2>er cenf. 



14 9 ~Ales made by dealers at a lower price must therefore 

 j*2?.n^e a lo«« to them, or the arricle muat he adulterated. 



COMPANY 



beg 



also a constant supply of English 



~i m*i*u Liu mM »*. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed the 



SSain ^importation of Messrs. A. Gibbs and Sons, 91. 10,. per 



JE? or 9/ 5i. in quantities of 5 tons and upwards. 



^ or ps, «"• ■- 4 Edward Poeser, Secretary. 



40, Bridge-street^ Blackfriars, London. 



\NURES.— The following Manures are manu- 

 factured at Mr. Laweb's Factory, Deptford Creek : 



Clover Manure, per ton £11 



Turnip M inure, do. ' JJ u 



Superphosphate of Lime ' JJ u 



Sulphuric Acid and Coprohtes 5 



Office, 69, King William-street, City, London. 

 1 B Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 16 per cent, of 

 Aminonia, 91. 105. per ton ; and for 5 tons or more, 91. 5j. per 

 too, in dock__3ul phate of Ammoni a, Ac. 



S1ULE MANURE.— The Bituminous Shale Com- 

 pany can now SUPPLF PULVKRiSED SHALE ASHES 

 _ , acgg at 21. 10*. per ton, delivered at any station or branch 

 line of the South Western Railway, and at the Terminus, 



This valuable Manure is at once cheap, durable, and fer- 

 tilising, and will be found to be superior to all others for Grain, 



Grass, and root crops. 



A. lingular property of this Manure is that it entirely prevents 

 the ravages of the fly in Turnip. It is also utterly destructive 

 of the wire- worm.' 



Orders to be addressed to the Bituminous Shale Company, 

 145 Upper Thames-street, London, where also testimonials 

 from the first agriculturists of the day may be obtained. 



Algernon Pollock, Secretary. 



Respectable Agents Wanted in the country. Reference to a 

 gantry Banker or London House, required. 



MR. J. C. NESBIT, F.C.S., F.G.S., Consulting and 

 Analytical Chemist, Laboratories, 38, Kennington.lane, 

 London.-PRIVATE INSTRUCTIONS in Chemical Analysis, 

 and the most approved methods of making ARTIFICIAL 

 MANURES. Analysis of Soils, Manures, Minerals, &c, per- 

 formed as usual, on moderate terms. 



DURABLE OUT-DOOK PAINT. 



CARSON'S ORIGINAL ANTI-CORROSION 

 PAINT, specially patronised by the HritUh and other 

 Governments, the Hon. East India Company, the jrincipal 

 Dock Companies, most public bodies, and by the Nihility, 

 Gentry, and Clergy, for out-door work at their country seats 

 The Anti-Corrosion is particularly recommended as ihe most 

 durable out-poor Paint ever invented, for the preservation o< 

 every description of Wo A d, Iron, Stone, Brick, Compo, Cement. 

 <fcc, work, as has been proved by the practical test of upwards 

 of 60 years, and by the numerous (between 500 and 600) testi- 

 monials in its favour, and which, from the rank and station in 

 society of those who have given them, have never yet betn 

 equalled by anything of the kind hitherto brought before the 

 public notice. Lists of Colours and Prices, together with a 

 Topy of the Testimonials, will be sent on application to 

 Walter Carson and Son, No. 9, Great Winchester-street. 

 Old Broad-street, Royal Exchange, London. No Agents.— All 

 orders are particularly requeste d to be sent direct. 



■yJIE METALLIC PAINT, produced by the Patent 



-L Alkali Company, has been extensively u*ed for several 

 years on farm-buildings, iron bridges, roofs and railings, 

 shipiing, <kc, and it is admitted that it covers a greater sur- 

 face -\nd stands far better than any other pigment on woo* 4 , 

 iron, Abethaw Lime, and Roman Cement Fine Black, 25'. 

 per ton, and Rich Purple-brown, 20i. per ton.— Offices of tl e 



Company, 1, New Broad-st.. London— John A. Wk»t. Sporn»«»r*. 



MANCHESTER AND LIVERPOOL AGRICUL- 

 TURAL SOCIETY. 

 President for the Year— The Right. Hon. the Earl of Wilton. 



The ANNUAL SHOW of Cattle. Implements, Seeds, Vege- 

 tables, &c, will be held at MANCHESTER, on TUESDAY, 

 the 7th of October, on a commodious plot of land near the 

 Stretford New-road, in Hulrae ; the land is well walled roun i 

 on all sides, is upwards of three acres in extent, and belongs to 

 S.imu>l Brooks, Esq. The trial of Land Implements will take 

 place the day before the Show, in a field re tr the Show-yard. 



Prize Lists containing the Rules of the Society, Regula- 

 tions for the Show, <fec, may be had by applying to the Secre- 

 tary, or to the Collector of Subscriptions for the Manchester 

 district, Mr. Wood, 23, Princess-s'reet, Manchester, 



Warrington, Sept. 4. Henry White, Secretary. 





burgh Philosophical Transaction*," to wb h we 



refer those who may be curious in these matters. 

 It appears rather singular that this paper should 

 have got so long out of sight : we are glad to see 

 that Dr. Fleming has so far disinterred it, the other 

 day, in his admirable little volume on the u Tempe- 

 rature of the Seasons.'' 



It is in consequence of the large amount of mois- 

 ture with which our south-west winds are laden, 

 hat our winters are often so mild. The sun has 

 little power of heating them during the short days, 

 but the long nights have as little power in cooling 

 them by radiation. When the moisture extends to 

 a considerable height in the atmosphere it is remark- 

 able to observe how a high dew-point of the vapour 

 suspends the night temperatures when the sky is 

 without a cloud, and the dews of January may then 

 fall as fresh as those of June. 





HOSE FOR LIQUID MANURE, Fire-engines, 

 and agricultural purposes, made of canvass, lined and 

 eoated with gutta percha ; it is about one- third the price of 

 leather or india-rubber, will convey liquids of all kinds under 

 •a heavy pressure ; it is extensif ely used at the Government 

 public works, also by the navy, and amongst agriculturists, 

 .giving universal satisfaction. Testimonials and prices may be 

 obtained of Messrs. Burgess and Key, 103, Newgate-street, sole 

 manufacturers. — London AgentB : Messrs. Deane, Dray, and 

 Deane, Swan-lane ; Messrs. Tilley, Blackfriars-road.— Country 

 Agents : Messrs. Ransome and Parsons, Ipswich ; Messrs. J. 

 and S. Johnson, Liverpool ; Messrs. Dickson, Hull ; Mr. S. 

 Wilson, Agent for Scotland. 



ANTHONY'S PATENT AMERICAN CHURN 



■**- has obtained a Prize at every Agricultural meeting at 

 which it has been exhibited ; and the Proprietors have sold 

 upwards of 2000 in one year, and received from all parts of 

 England the highest testimonials in its favour, both as to the 

 ■short time required, the quantity and quality of the Butter 

 made, a copy of which testimonials, with prices, will be for- 

 warded on application to Burgess and Key, 103, Newgate- 

 • atreet, Sole Agents to the Proprietor. 



FOR WATERING GARDENS, DISTRIBUTING LIQUID 



MANURE, BREWERS' USE, &c. 

 PATENT VULCANISED INDIA-RUBBER HOSE.PIPES 



AND FLEXIBLE GAS TUBING. 



TAMES LYNE HANCOCK (sole Licensee and) 



Manufacturer, Goswell Road, London. 



These Pipes are well adapted for Watering Gardens, con- 

 veying Liquid Manure, racking Beer and Cider, for portable 

 Gas Lamps, and all purposes where a perfectly sound Wa'er- 

 i>roof and Flexible Pipe is required. Hot Liquors or Acids do 

 not iDJure them ; they are, therefore, much used for Chemical 

 purposes, as they require no oil or dressing when out of use ; 

 are particularly suitable for Fire Engines, and are found ex- 

 ceedingly useful in Dwelling-houses tor conveying Hot or Cold 

 Water to Baths, &c. 



Testimonials and prices may be had on application to the 



N.B.—Vulcanised India Rubber Garden Hose, fitted up with 

 tA 08 !!' if 18 ' and Rraocn es complete, with union joints ready 



an it ** P um P 8 or water cisterns. 



All Letters or Orders addressed to J. L. IIawcock, Goswell 

 «ews Goswell Road, London, will meet with immediate 

 attention. 



P^ er S roof Fl * hln S Boots and Stockings, Portable India- 

 £~?« Roata * Sh ower and Sponging Baths, Air Cushions and 

 gfg_ma d> all sizes to order. 



gTEPHENSON and Co., 61, Gracechurch-street, 



an , w 0ndo ?» an d 17, New Park-street, Southwark, Inventors 

 rvT rvnS actUTerB of the Improved CONICAL and DOUBLE 



vr -MNDRICAL R«>TT.Pna VAan ^»A.n. -~u~i* ♦Sm „*, Q « i rt « ,.+ 



•cientifi 



(Elxt Agricultural <5<wtte- 



SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1851. 



MEfcTINU3 KOK THE TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 

 Thuhsday, Sept. 11— Ajcru'iilturallinp.Soc. of Ireland. 

 Tburidat, — 18-A.griculturallrap.Soc. of Ireland. 



The atmosphere is composed chiefly of oxygen, 

 nitrogen, and carbonic acid, in mechanical mixture. 

 Recent discoveries have added ammoniacal vapour. 

 It is generally admitted that these gases, and water, 

 are the primary elements from whence the whole 

 mass of vegetable and animal matter on the surface 

 of the earth has been formed. The relative propor- 

 tions of these gases in the atmosphere are not sub- 

 ject to much change. The opposite functions of 

 animal and vegetable life maintain the equilibrium, 

 with the aid of the natural forces of combustion, 

 putrefaction, and decay. Aqueous vapour is another 

 constituent in the atmosphere which affects the 

 whole range of circumstances that influence vege- 

 table growth. Unlike the permanent gases, it varies 

 greatly in amount in the various seasons and countries 

 over the globe ; from its peculiar properties it is 

 liable to be deposited by changes of temperature, 

 and thus it is the means of spreading fertility over 

 wide continents which, without this continual circu- 

 lation of water, would be arid wastes. It was long 

 supposed that the gases of the atmosphere had the 

 power of dissolving water, but Dalton demonstrated, 

 in the clearest manner, that water in the invisible 

 state existed as a gas, and possessed all their phy- 

 sical properties, so long as the temperature at which 

 it was at first given off was maintained. Aqueous 

 vapour can exist in the elastic state at all tempera- 

 tures, and mixes and diffuses itself amongst the 

 other gases by virtue of its particles mutually 

 repelling each other, in the same way as they would 

 act in a vacuum. Air does not dissolve water, but 

 water can dissolve a small quantity of all the gases 

 in the atmosphere when it loses its aeriform con- 

 dition. The amount of vapour which can exist in 

 the air is regulated by the temperature. When the 

 heat of the air is lowered to 20° it is still capable 

 of maintaining about 1 J grain of vapour in a cubic 

 foot, but when raised to 80°, rather more than 

 10 grains. In both these cases the air is said to be 

 saturated with moisture, because the constituent 

 temperature of the vapour and the temperature of 

 the air correspond. If a reduction of temperature 

 takes place, in either case, part of the vapour would 



be precipitated. 



It is well known that all fluids absorb a large 



amount of heat when they assume the gaseous state, 



but which they again give up when reduced to 



■ fluidity. Water evaporates very slowly, and takes 



heat from all bodies which are in contact with it ; 



•ecured 



S and f» iT »^4«iicu uegre», wiiuouc tne am or pipes or nues. 



fri*n!i *u' Te also to 8tate that at tbe request of numerous 

 Corm u y are now --king th tir Boilers of Iron, as well as 

 are n wnich the cost is reduced. These Boilers, which 



those ow , i0 , we, i known, scarcely require description ; but to 

 be fn wno , na7e not seen them in operation, prospectuses wilJ 

 lh*i m v ed » aa wel1 a8 reference of the highest authority ; or 

 ITnrW 7 t seen at mo8t of tne Nobility's seats and principal 



8 .n!fV hl L OUghout lhe kingdom. 

 17 v" p 10 ;^ to inform the Trade that at their Manufactory, 



or'n^i i ect| every article required for the construction 



be fthf.Y CU I tQral Build ings, as well as for heating them, may 



Con. Up ° n the most advantageous terms. 



<*iiamY*7*i t !i ne8f &c '» of Iron or Wood, erected on the most 

 j en '„7* designs. Balconies, Palisading, Field and Garden 

 «* *nces, Wire-work. * 



but when its vapour mixes with the atmosphere, it 

 acts as a reservoir of heat, because the temperature 

 of the air cannot sink below the dew-point of the 

 vapour without freeing a large amount of latent 

 caloric. In this manner the humidity of the atmo- 

 sphere in a great measure regulates the night tem- 



The mean minimum temperature and the 



But it is the greater proportion of moisture in the 

 air during the summer season that allows the night 

 temperatures, as a general rule, to increase in our 

 latitude with the increase of the day heats. Heat 

 and humidity thus act and react on each other ; 

 because, however high the thermometer may rise 

 through the day, the surface of the ground and lower 

 strata of the atmosphere will rapidly transmit their 

 heat into space as soon as the sun sinks below the 

 horizon, and this reduction of temperature will only 

 be checked when the dew-point begins to be reached. 

 As an extraordinary instance of the rapidity of the 

 loss of heat in the absence of the sun, it is recorded 

 that the shade thermometer sunk 5° at I »ninpsberg 

 during the short period (three minutes) that the sun 

 was totally eclipsed ; it could not have sunk a single 

 degree had the air been saturated with moisture. 

 !n all countries, however hot the days may be, the 

 nights will be cold in proportion to the dryness of 

 the atmosphere. For this reason France and Italy 

 are very subject to spring and early summer frosts, 

 when the air is dry. In other countries much 

 nearer the Equator, Egypt, Palestine, India, &c, 

 during certain seasons the nights are cold when the 

 air is deficient of moisture. Mr. IrTGLl*, in his 

 interesting tour through Spain, remarks: "I could 

 not but observe the remarkable changes of tem- 

 perature to which Granada is subject. Walking up 

 the sunny side of the mount, I many times blessed 

 the friendly shade of the Prickly Pear, and the 

 enormous leaves of the Aloe, so scorching was the 

 sun ; and yet, under the wall, on the shaded side of 

 the mount, the hoar frost was lying ; and this same 

 evening, I found it so cold in the hoteUhat I drank 

 tea, and received some visitors in bed." 



The moisture in our atmosphere is the only pro- 

 tection that we have, which prevents the tempera- 

 ture during summer or winter sinking to the freezing 

 point every night. This aqueous atmosphere is 

 generally confined to a very limited range in our 

 sky. In the more northerly parts of the island, its 

 cloudy plane of precipitation appears like a good 

 umbrella over one's head, when contrasted with the 

 loftier expanse which it occupies in the lower lati- 

 tudes of the sunny south. Frosts break into the 

 midst of our summers when this element is deficient, 

 for it is then that 



The parching air burns frore, 

 And cold perform§ the effects of fire ; 



Hoary-headed frosts 

 Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson Rose. 



A remarkable instance of summer frost occurred 

 in the early part of July last, which was felt over 

 the whole of the eastern and northern parts of 

 Britain, and it may not be out of place to record its 

 effects on vegetation. The last days of June were 

 very warm, and the thermometer stood at H ^ on the 

 1st of July ; the wind changed to the N.E, on the 

 2d, and towards night the air became remarkably 

 dry and parching; shortly after nndivght the 

 thermometer sunk to 32 Q in the shade, where it 

 stood till sunrise. A thermometer exposed on the 



Grass marked 21°. 



through the day, without a cloud, but the maximum 

 shade temperature did not rise above 61°. From 

 the dryness of the atmosphere, one could anticipate 

 another night of frost as a matter of physical cer- 

 tainty. Accordingly the thermometer again mar'e 

 its minimum at 33°. We observed the top of 

 the Furze scathed as with fire in hollow situa- 



of Suffolk, and the 

 considerably affected in many 



In Lanca- 



On the 3d, the sun shone out 



tions 



the heaths 



perature. -«~ - . . ., 



dew-point of the vapour coincide pretty closely wuth 



each other. For some time we have suspected that 

 the markings of the register thermometer would 

 convey a pretty accurate test of the hygrometry of 

 most countries at a short distance from the sea. 

 However, we find that we have been long antici- 



work, &c. 



pated in 'this relation in an elegant paper by ^ the 

 late Dr. Anderson, in the 14th volume of the ™'«- 



on 



Potatoes were 



situations through the eastern counties 

 shire and Cumberland, the Potatoes in the valleys 

 were also blackened. Over the whole extent of 

 Scotland the frost was severely felt, and caused a 

 vast amount of mischief to the growing crops ill 

 hollow and basin-shaped localities, where the air 

 readily became stagnant and cooled down. In such 

 places, the Potato stems were completely killed to 

 the ground, and hundreds of acres of grain crops, 

 Turnips, &c, were destroyed. In the latter cases, 

 a few circumstances seemed to influence the destruc- 



Edin- tive effects of the first. Grain crops were only in- 



• 



