593 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 



Car 



ing 



M offers few temptations to embark capital .in 



•ulture with the view of supplying the Englisa 

 Market with Wheat, it offers to the small larmer 

 and agricultural labourer the prospect of comfort ana 

 independence. The wages of farm labourers are as high 

 in Canada with board as they are in England without it. 

 <A labouring man/ says the writer we have before 

 quoted 'may work all his life in the United Kingdom, 

 ind never acquire 50 acres of land ; while five years of 

 inch labour in Canada, if he will avoid spirituous 

 liquors, will enable a labouring man to acquire oO acres 

 if not more, with a dwelling/* ^ heat is the first 

 crop which the settler takes after clearing the land. 

 The poorer class of settlens repeat that or some other 

 cereal crop. Those possessed of some capital adopt the 

 better plan of sowing the land down with Timothy- 

 grass, and letting it lie under pasture five or six years, 

 till the stumps are thoroughly rotten, when it may 

 be ploughed and brought under a regular rotation. 

 Turnips °are but little cultivated, because of the early 

 period at which the winter sets in, and the difficulty of 

 preserving them in large quantities. The chief depend- 

 ence, therefore, of the farmer for winter food for his 

 c&ttle is on hay, of which the Timothy-grass produces 

 about 1J ton to the acre. Butter and cheese being pro- 

 duced with so much less labour than grain, and contain- 

 a much greater value in the same bulk, appear to be 

 the most profitable application of land in countries like 

 Canada, where labour is dear and markets remote. It 

 is probably therefore, that many of our small dairy 

 farmers, who find great difficulty with present rents and 

 present prices, in making both ends meet, would 

 iinprove their condition by emigrating to Canada, and 

 purchasing partially-reclaimed farms to be kept chiefly 

 in pasture, and raising only so much grain as might be 

 required for their own consumption. To these, as well 

 as to the labouring classes, the system adopted by the 



Canada Company offers great facilities for acquiring 

 land." 



" A >trian Percussion Caps. — The total manufacture 

 of percussion caps for sporting guns in Europe may be 

 estimated at 1 SOu millions yearly. Some idea of the im- 

 portance of this article may be formed from the quantity 

 of copper requisite for its production, viz., 396,000 lbs. 

 weight. The great advantages of the new system have 

 been so generally acknowledged that within the short 

 space of 20 years all kinds of guns with flint-locks 

 have been abandoned, and the percussion system has 

 likewise been extended to muskets for the army. The 

 percussion-caps of their manufactories are distinguished 

 by accuracy and equality of bore, by the malleability of 

 the copper, by the superior quality of the powder, the 

 exact adjustment of the proportions, so as to insure 

 certainty of ignition without danger of accidents, and by 

 lowness of price, when the quality is considered. The 



mentioned has been heated for about eight years with 

 Garton and Jarvis's Exeter double drum boiler, a sort 

 which has given great satisfaction both as regards 

 economy and efficiency. Latterly, however, the hollow 

 legs which supported the drum have given way, and 



in certain stages 



wet after drought. Reeves' MniL^ ^"^ncS 



It is a Cape Grape, of good qualitv 

 A good crop of Peaches has w« 



as bear 

 a rt 



a slight leakage was the consequence 



These have 



and 



percussion-caps coated with varnish may remain in the 

 water for 72 hours and more without losing their power 

 of immediately igniting the powder." 



"Mick Peas (Spain)— Chick Pea (Cicerarietinum) is 

 a stiff branching plant (seethe Lawson collection), about 

 2 feet high, producing small red or white flowers, followed 

 by bladder-like pods, containing three or four seeds of 

 a whitish colour, about the size of common Peas, 

 globular, and irregularly indented on the surface. 

 VVhen roasted it closely resembles coffee, for which 

 it is often used as a substitute in the south of 

 Europe. A native of countries where the winter is not 

 severe, it is sown in the autumn, but is too tender to 

 endure the rigour of that season in our climate, and 

 scarcely readies maturity during the summer. 5 * 



Ward's World in its Workshops (Orr and Co.) is 



another meritorious guide worth preserving ; well written 

 but with '- *._<?> j 



excludin 



braces a slight notice of agricultural' implements' evi- 

 dently drawn up by some one far from <vu.v»iH, an f w uu 

 their use. 



ith a much narrower scope than Mr. Hunt's, and 

 awff all notice of raw materials ; it, however, em- 



Garden Memoranda. 



Horticultural Society's Garden, Turnh am Greev 



l» • I? matt ? rs . are now ^ progress here, which may 

 be worth mention.ng. The reserve house in the « pri- 

 vate square » has been painted and furnished with a 



Sr^ ag Ti P T , ° 08 t0 !*5 rece P t5on <> f plants for the 

 rtnto/l . i 6 ar SV urv,li »ear stove hf about to be 



SKhV« n f • The horse -shoe boiler, two of 

 *hich have served to warm the "old Pine stove" 

 during a period of 28 years Win! f ' 

 worn out, is now about to be re'pKced bv a ToT 



been replaced by new ones, the boiler re-set, 

 it is expected that it will now prove as good as ever it was, 

 and last for many years. This kind of boiler may not 

 perhaps be capable of warming large houses, but for 

 ordinary greenhouses and small stoves, none beats it. In 

 the garden it heats a good-sized greenhouse and a range of 



pits. 



As regards plants, few annual climbers look better 



than Lophospermum erubescens ; and it covers a bare 

 piece of wall in a very short time. It is now beautifully in 

 bloom here on a north wall. Buddlea Lindleyana is in 

 flower on the end of the Orchid house, and near the same 

 spot is the handsome Indigofera decora blooming on rock- 

 work, where it has stood unhurt over three winters ; it 

 is however in a sheltered place. Roscoea purpurea, a 

 a pretty Indian Gingerwort, which was in blossom in the 

 greenhouse, would probably also succeed on rockwork 

 where the roots could have a little protection in winter, 

 and many other interesting plants at present considered 

 tender, managed in this way might look very interesting. 

 One of the finest greenhouse climbers we saw was 

 Mandevilla suaveolens, which has been producing its 

 snow-white flowers for some time past, and it looked 

 as if it would continue in beauty during the most 

 of September. One of the hardier Passion-flowers 

 related to ccerulea was also in blossom on an 

 adjoining rafter. The large Lselia superbiens in 

 the stove, which has bloomed so finely these two 

 or three years past, is again throwing up flower- 

 spikes, and it promises to be as handsome this year as 

 formerly. In a little frame in front of the Orchid 

 house, where dwarf Cacti thrive and blossom well, 

 Oxalis Bowei is just coming into bloom £ and, cer- 

 tainly, few plants look gayer during September 

 and October. Its round rosy flowers, fresh, 

 and larger than a shilling, have a cheering effect, 

 when most things out of doors are hastening to repose, 

 and make it well worth attention. Associated with the 

 Californian'Ceanothes in an open frame, was a fine bush 

 of the Evergreen Plum of that country. It is very 

 handsome, independent of what fruit it may produce, and 

 is undoubtedly a great acquisition. The " old Pine 

 stove" alluded to above, is very gay with Achimenes and 

 other plants, which will be soon replaced by Begonias 

 that are coming forward in a pit to succeed them. The 

 latter will keep up a blaze of flower throughout the 

 winter. The Brugmansias in the large conservatory, 

 and some other plants that had attained great size, have 

 been pruned in, and are being painted over with a 

 mixture of clay, tobacco water, soft soap, and sul- 

 phur, in order to clear them of insects. The Araucaria 

 Cunninghami here has ripened cones; they are large 

 and very handsome. 



With regard to the new flower garden, we understand 

 that Messrs. Waterer's Rhododendrons, which have 

 been so much admired during the past season, will soon 

 be removed, and that it is about to be replanted with 

 flowering shrubs (among which the Rhododendron will 

 still hold a conspicuous place), and herbaceous and other 

 plants, the object being to maintain as much gaiety as 

 possible throughout the whole year. This work will, 

 we believe, be proceeded with as soon as the ground is 

 cleared of its present occupants. The Arboretum is at 

 present in excellent order. The Grass is delightfully 

 short and soft, and the recently formed beds on the east 

 side are quite a blaze of gay flowers. The " Birch 

 clump" is being cleared of its underwood, with 

 a view not only to increase the Grass surface, 

 but also to improve the general appearance. The 

 Hornbeam Hedge which separated the walk and borders, 

 running down past the council-room from the Arboretum, 

 has been removed; the Rhododendrons which have 

 been encroaching too much on the small walk opposite 

 the council-room window, are to be set back, the walk 

 is to be furnished with Grass verges, and the borders 

 are to be lowered in order that water may run off the 

 walk, and thus render the latter dry. The principal 

 walks are everywhere well gravelled, clean and nicely 

 rolled, and the Arboretum altogether appears to be 

 much improved. 



Among new plants raised are some from Californian 

 seeds. They consist of a shrubby Spirrea, said to 

 have pink flowers; a Philadelphus, with spikes of 

 white blossoms, said to be fragrant ; some purple and 

 white flowered bulbs, a white Lupin, a shrubby Pent- 



A good crop of Peaches has been !" d *' " % 

 coping boards having been the chief ,1"^- «3 



Among the varieties was the Shan*ha pTT" 

 by Mr. Fortune. It resembles the T, H^t 

 is very good, but hardly adapted to ouJ'm ? «* 

 reported to succeed admirably in *l« i- ■ pra lt ■ 

 Ripened there the fruit is said t» t ^ <Sk 

 Pucelle de Malines and MLlfp^ 4 ^'* 



With 





jvmujs. j. no letter is, however r*tk — ""tf 



The Imperatrice and Balgowan' X%U**J* 

 attention. If the former is allowed t* \! "** 

 till it shrivels, it is very rich. Some W ^ 

 which is like the Violette Hative, Zt £?£■ 



circumference. We also remarked De J 1 

 Plum, which is identical with the AldS * ' 

 Sussex, where old trees of it are "rowing \ ^ 

 a tolerable crop. They are better on L™M? 

 on dwarfs. Pears have been much thiiWi!; 

 spring frosts. w D J 



Among Apples in the fruit room, we rem,^ 

 summer Golden Pippin, a first class variety • R • 



Laak, a handsome sort, something like the Golden R^ 

 but rather more Pearmain shaped ; the Gra 



tolerably perfect notwithstanding our cold sewtaT 

 Oslin, and Wormsley Pippins; the latter «. 

 Apple, both for kitchen and table use. Associ^S 

 these was also a little- known Apple called BaleboiwU 

 a Russian variety, large, ovate, red next the s^T* 

 bearing a delicate bloom like that of a Plum T* 

 fine looking Apple, with an agreeably bri«k fol 



Among vegetables in the kitchen garden we m 

 not forget tu notice the Neapolitan Cabbage Lefc 

 which many persons consider .preferable to°the Jfe 

 It is sweet and tender, and very Ion* in 

 to seed. The Early Ulm Savoy is a Vice ^^ 

 more especially for small gardens, as it , 

 little room. It is very dwarf and compact, 

 planted last year on a piece of un manured ground ad 

 was very fine ; but this season the land was mco«L 

 and it has not been quite so good, being taller tf 

 scarcely so firm. It would seem to prefer c 

 moderately rich soil. The Enfield Market Qti» 

 (some account of which is given at p. 69), is f. 

 an excellent kind. It resembles a large VaraeL a 

 which it is apparently nearly related. Cbouj<» 

 dwarf, compact, and good ; it is as early astheM 

 York. Chou pointu de Winnigstadt is a pod £ 

 Cabbage, and very tender. Among Turnips, rh 

 jaune de Finlande is an excellent sort. It 

 skinned, and has a very small tap root. Tht :'% 

 one of its greatest recommendations. Haricot S & 

 will be found useful, on account of its $tancfe 

 weather well. It is green, and fit for use now. vta 

 other sorts, sow r n at the same time, are quite ripe. 



The reading-room was reopened on the 1st ot 

 Three prizes having been offered by Dr. Lindfev 

 best plans and measurement of a piece of ensri 

 staked out, the clumps, belts, houses, or [..acW 

 trees being indicated, they were found to fce 

 to Buehan, 1 ; Wells, 2 ; and Williams and B* 

 equal, 3. The prizes consisted of the new edit 

 "Loudon's Encvclopsedia of Gardening," "Awakj 

 Horticulture for 1849/* a Babingtou's Jlanl « 

 British Botany," and " Johnson on Manures." 



It may be worthy of record that a frost on tk 

 of the 10th inst. partially blackened the leaves 

 Gourds and Scarlet Runners in the garden, w 

 other things have also been injured. 







v 





JL 



FLORICULTURE. 



WA 



It is made 

 on it. 



may 



its centre. 



Its nls?mU r01 ^ With a ^^ lid halted 

 i ts Presumed advantages are, that it 

 ical than other boil * •• 



'ge heating surfac 



ore con- 



tains comparatively little waS ?/. V ^ 

 cover is f.L.hed iith t ^£, ^JT^ Si 

 « the combustion pipe," for the doubte ™^ P,pe f^ 

 veying the smoke that' passes „J thet nKnLt T 

 to the chimney and for creating a drS t ?! I ' 

 formal and there seems no d°oubt SftA"^ 



la« Emigrant to America, "Tlam^dlaTsSHS: 



well. 



• «' 



more beautiful than E. Peroffskiamim ; and some other 



plants, whose true characters it will require some time 



yet to prove. A few Russian and New Holland plants 



have also been raised, to which the same remark applies 



Among the former may be mentioned Araucaria Cookii* 



an interesting kind in the way of, but distinct from a' 



excelsa. A quantity of Oaks, said to be evergreen has 



been raised from seeds received from Koordistan Thev 



are n.ce plants, and will soon be ready for distribution 



In one of the Vineries we observed theChasselasMusnue 



brapfe nearly ripe, but not split, as is customary with it. 



2 ,S ^r e " ted , ^ kee P in S the border in an equable 



2?\ i S I 3 "' 1 " 1S P ermitte d to become too 

 dry, and suddenly saturated with water, the fruit 

 J is sure to split. The same thing happens with Plum 



Eotal Botanic Societt's Schedule for j 

 last week's prospective notice of a few divisions 

 Horticultural Society's Schedule for 1852 bwjj 

 with the expressed approval of many florists, 

 this week to " try back," and offer a few ren* 

 Schedule of 185 1 . Who can blame me if I W'*£ 

 the bygones of a year so memorable as this one, 

 has proved so gratifying, not only to Englisho«MJj 

 the various civilised nations of the earth. 

 remind my readers how every lover of a g» 

 especially of a greenhouse, will look back on » 

 bright jewel of the nineteenth century, when * 

 architects were defeated, and put to shame uj i ^ 

 when he who had exerted his talents to pron ' £jj 

 accommodation of the * Queen of Lilies, » 

 to rear a Crystal Palace to admit the comn 

 the world, and display them before tne 

 gaze of our Queen, her people, and I W ^ 

 Lintrerin^ then, I repeat it with P <} e f^ 



M 



enng. 



now almost bygones of 1851, I wish to 

 observations on the schedule 01 i"^ A ~"~_^ytafc 



le^thePark^^JI 



season, with the hope that the Council^ 

 consideration the evil of which 1 



now pa>P°*j 



complain ; an evil which is not less preja ic» 



P 



interest of the dealer than it is d isto 



and wbicn Df^Jji 

 I feel thowl 



energy of the private grower, auu 

 parties discontented and dissatisfied. **£ '^ 

 convinced that I am but declaring j ** 



sentiments of the whole body of ^f^^ce^JI 

 that there was a grievance, an cm p ^ #yt 

 schedule which needs a remedy, 'in^ri "J - 

 separate classes were provided for dea j^ q{ OF I 



-rowers of, stove and g^ enh 4 °^ kr V iii^ i 

 Heaths, of Azaleas, of Orchids, ot 1 ^ ^ re; 



; yet no such ^^^^Xb-*^ 



to Pansies, Pinks, Picotees, or Carnau 



cut Ro&W 



