604 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



0a or on Graaa layers, as the rotation 01 crop- 



pirr may direct. In the broadcast way the seed is 



Scattered on the surface of the winter furrow of the 



land, and covered by two or three double tines of 

 - . .,", ».♦ .. :-~ When 



are 



the harrows, as the tilth of the soil may require. W 

 sown in drills, the land is severely harrowed, drills 

 opened by one horse and ploughs at the distance of 10 

 to 14 inches; the seed is sown broadcast, and falls into 

 the furrows, when a tine of the light harrows finishes the 

 process. Or the seed is sown on the pulverised surface 

 hv the corn-drili machine, with coulters which make 

 ruts in the ground, that receive and cover the seeds. 

 Ht is essential that Peas be deposited in a bed of dry 

 powdery soil, and in dry seasons the land may be rolled 



-with advantage. . 



In the broadcast way the only possible cultivation is, 



pulling by the hand the tall weeds that arise during the 

 early growth of the crop ; and in the advanced stage, a 

 scythe can cut them above the height of the Peas, to 

 prevent the ripening of the seeds. This necessity may 

 not often occur. In the drilled cultivation, both the 

 horse and hand-hoe have been, and are used, to cut the 

 "weeds, and pulverise the soil of the intervals, and is 

 continued till the growth of the plants advances over 

 the intervals, and prohibits the operations. On good 

 lands, this hindrance very soon takes place. 



An acre of land sown with Peas in broadcast re- 

 quires three bushels of seed, and two bushels will be 

 sufficient, when the land is drilled in the way that has 

 been mentioned. Peas must be thickly sown, in order 

 that the herbage may cover the ground completely by the 

 interlacing of the leaves and tendrils, and thus exclude 

 droughts and violent heats, and prevent desiccation. A 

 crop of Peas in a thin straggled condition, forms one of 

 the most pernicious vegetable coverings that can 

 grow upon the earth ; the vacant spaces are quickly 

 covered with weeds, and no means remain of removing 

 them. The seeding is perfected, and the propagation is 

 largely multiplied. When such a contingency happens, 

 the crop should be ploughed under, the land used for 

 Turnips, or prepared for winter Vetches. On the other 

 band, a crop of Peas of middling luxuriance, which 

 completely covers the ground, retains moisture, kills 

 the weeds, and encourages putrefaction. The surface of 

 the land is mellowed and fertilised by the agency of 

 moisture and darkness, which prevail during the umbra- 

 geous existence of the crop, and the annual weeds are 

 better demolished than by any drilling and hoeing. 

 The roots are fibrous, and do not, like the Bean, descend 

 into the ground in a tap-form, and divide it ; but a great 

 benefit is conferred on the land by the shade of the leaves 

 in a close covering. When the purpose is completely 

 effected, the land is found in a good state for being sown 

 with Wheat, with one ploughing, on the stronger soils of 

 clayey loams. Where gravels and lighter lands prevail, 

 crops of Barley or Oats are very profitably used ; and 

 in many cases, a clean state of the land is procured for 

 being sown with Grass seeds. 



Little or no advantage is obtained by drilling the 

 crop of Peas (?) the intervals can only admit the hand- 

 hoe ; the stems are procumbent, quickly fall down, and 

 cover the intervals, by which the hoeing is prevented at 

 too early a period of the season for effecting a pulverisa- 

 tion of the soil or destroying the weeds. The Bean 

 stands upright during the whole season, and it and every 

 plant that is advantageous for the green-crop culture 

 must admit the implements throughout the summer, and 

 the pulling of tall weeds by the hand up to the time of 



better mixed with Oat and Barley meal. Mixed with 

 the skim milk of the dairy there is no better nourish- 

 ment for young pigs, and for farrowing sows. Such a 

 mixture very much provokes the milking propensity. 

 When pigs are weaned it forms a most proper food for 

 them. It is also given to bacon hogs ; aud notwith- 

 standing the supposed loss when the grain is used in an 

 unbroken state, the belief yet obtains, that in the last 

 month of fattening the Peas are very usefuUn that form, 

 for the purpose of imparting a firm consistence to the 

 bacon. It has been proposed to malt the seeds for that 

 purpose, and kiln-dry them slightly, in order to diminish 



the flatulent property. 



The straw or haulm of Peas, when well got, is an 

 excellent fodder for horses and cattle, and especially for 

 sheep, which animals are very fond of the dry pods when 

 the seeds are gone by threshing. J. D. 



It would admit air and 



sr^FS 8 * 



which neither crops nor cattle can nJl 8h * 

 other hand, if the land is high, or in an ° n 

 protection is verv imnortant..' ^a _ y ? av **p< 



Home Correspondence. 



Poultry. — A hen of mine hatched three chickens, and 

 as there were more to be hatched, these three were taken 

 away and put in a basket near a fire. A few hours 

 after they had been put in the basket, the poultry 

 woman returned to look after them. But lo, they were 

 gone. Something must have run off with them, as they 

 were too feeble to run off themselves. Search was made 

 in every direction, when at last they were found at the 

 bottom of a cupboard, under the guardian care of a 

 favourite white cat, who had carried them off in her 

 mouth by the neck (their necks being wet), as a cat does 

 her kittens, and there she was lying on her side with the 

 chickens cuddled up between her legs, in the posture of 

 a cat when suckling her kittens. When they were taken 

 away from her, she evinced the uneasiness and anxiety 

 which a cat usually does when deprived of her young. 

 I must mention that some time ago she had a litter of 

 kittens in this cupboard. She has always lived in the 

 midst of the poultry, and has never been known to 

 devour any, so that 1 feel sure she took them in order to 

 adopt them as her own offspring. D. B. B. 



Vegetarians. — Certain persons call themselves vege- 

 tarians, a term implying abstinence from every description 

 of animal food, but how do they act up to their pro- 

 fession ? They consume milk, cream, butter, cheese, 

 lard, dripping, and suet, the very essence of cows, oxen, 

 pigs, and poultry. Surely the name does not admit of 

 such luxurious livers, but more properly belongs to 

 individuals who exist upon bread, oatmeal, Rice, 

 Potatoes, Pulse, &c. There can be no objection to 

 human beings eating what they please, and what agrees 

 with them best, but let things be called by their right 

 names. What difference is there between one man being 

 designated a water drinker, who uses beer and not wine 

 and spirits ; and another being considered a vegetarian, 

 who refuses beef, mutton, and pork, yet devours butter, 

 cheese, eggs, suet, cream, &c. It puts one rather in 

 mind of a man fasting upon an excellent dish offish and 

 Potatoes — a positive treat. Falcon. 



Temperance. — The question between "Falcon" and 

 the "Labourer" seems to require the interference of a 

 fraternising party ; the subject to many may seem but 

 a pecuniary one, but yet, if viewed in its proper light, it 

 attects, to an unlimited extent, the moral and social 

 condition of the most important class of the community. 

 Beer for labourers may be deemed necessary, but I fear 

 only by those who, inured to it by habit, would fain 

 always enjoy it. For my part, I should like to have 



protection is very important/and niav hi 7 ******* 

 hedges and trees, not growing at random or in f Vea W 

 abundance, but arranged so as best to » **** 

 required shelter, to suit the operations f *• 

 and all the other circumstances of the <Jf CUltoi! i 

 of plantation judiciously laid out would nk ^ 

 better than hedgerow trees, but so loner aTtk** >* 

 wanting it would be wrong to dispense ent£ J£ 

 existing shelter. As regards clearing 20 od Zl T* 

 land, if the circumstances are suchas°to in <*.,*! * 

 at all, I would make it the chief object, and ZS^ 

 else subservient to it. The same with mzinT? 

 both cases let trees and hedges be grown onl- k 

 useful to divide the fields and afford protection* a 



superabundance in either case is an evil but lea. 

 managed, a greater number would* be reauirwi 'Z**? 



Grass land, where, although not more useful th * 

 less injurious, and on high exposed land,' how!** 





maturity. I he natural growth of the Pea plant pro- the opinion of a medical authority before I would so 

 lubits i these applications, and, consequently, is ineligible emphatically pronounce upon its necessity. Farmers 



in that way. 



Peas are a valuable but a very precarious crop, being 



and proprietors in general may aid in putting down 

 drunkenness, by ceasing to give their workmen intoxi- 



produced by chance and accident more than by any eating drinks in any quantity, or on any occasion ": 

 attention or provident foresight. In the earlier season there are many substitutes much more congenial to the 



moisture is required in abundance, to forward the 

 herbage in a due quantity to produce and carry the 

 proper crop of pods, but not to push forward an over 

 duly luxuriant growth of leaves and stems ; and in the 

 end of summer heat and sunshine are required to ripen 

 the crop gradually and healthily, but not of an intensity 



constitutions and natural economy of man ; by so doing, 

 they will cease to propagate the seeds of vice, generating 

 to an extravagance almost unimaginable. You who 

 despise this doctrine, as being too hard, go visit the 

 dwellings of some (if not many) of your farm-labourers 



low land in the plain. The quality, position, &c of £ 

 land ought to determine the mode of management • at 

 this again should regulate, to some extent* the fend* 

 and shelter required. There is generally too M 

 shelter from the height of 500 or 600 feet upward an<T 

 Scotland this remark will apply to places less elevated 

 Farms may be seen there on the stormy sides of hills « 

 scarcely a tree or fence higher than a few feet Itia* 

 great want, and entails great loss. Cattle have no 

 shade to retire under during the heat of the davm 

 summer, when they do not graze, and consequent!? 

 they run or move restlessly about, to the injury of the 

 ground and themselves. The wind, too, at times, sweet* 

 along with much fury, injuring every growing crop it 

 its progress, especially Potatoes and Beans. All thk 

 might be prevented by shelter. Even a good M 

 hedge in the proper place, crossing the direction of flu 

 storm, is of great service. Additional protection siooU 

 therefore be encouraged both in the higher and lower 

 parts of Scotland, whilst in England, such places as the 

 Wolds of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire would be nad 

 beautified by judicious planting. A small part of th 

 surface would be occupied thereby, but this would be 

 far more than counterbalanced by the general improve- 

 ment. Necessary protection, however, has noth 

 to do with the incumbrance of fine land in sheltered 

 valleys or plains. The value of such land as 

 yet is scarcely known, but as intelligence pro- 

 gresses it will be devoted to purposes vastly more 

 important than growing trees. If it were cleared, 

 drained, and all well cultivated, what an immense advan- 

 tage would follow to the nation, and especially to those 

 most concerned. But are tenants always prepared to 

 take advantage of the removal of impediments I The 

 latter are more a symptom than a cause of bad farming, 

 and their removal \vi!l effect but little, unless followed 

 up by a system of management well suited to the place 

 and directed with energy and skill. It is but fair tt 

 suppose that great improvement would in general take 

 place, and improvements of this kind are seldom lost; 

 they rather tend to accelerate the advent of still h 

 things, when, instead of scanty crops or entire failures, 

 the greater part of the land will produce abundant cwfj 

 of any kind, with almost absolute certainty, voim 

 will assuredly arrive sooner or later, and "An Lnqow 

 would no doubt consult the interests of his family Dew 

 by assisting to bring it about, than by continuing* 

 encumber good ground with timber which, accoroaj j 

 his own statement, will scarcely repay the expense 

 preparation for market when grown. James V on a» 

 « Necessity is the Mother of Inventionr-m^ 

 stamped upon all sublunary objects : ch ^ n S e JX 

 gress peculiarly mark the present era, and ag . 



longer be permitted to remain dormart,* 



> 



can no 



■rf 



to contrae X . /J. . "f T ^ T n0t f an J ntensit y occasionally, and there behold the miserable poverty of 

 cLnc e r 8 eld Jm Zen i„ ** ^ T^ 7^** tW ° t {&m ^ the ™ in SU PP orter of whom is a ™ V »t a polite- 



SS to She n^nrl .f P ^^ ?l the d f gree and f h ° USe 8 P endin - his earnin S s > which belongs to his family 

 ftr^^ ^y la. of right; go further and visit the dwell? 



_The maturity of Peas is shown by the brown colour 



ti of P the S "cms 6 h r dne9S ° f , the ^ °" the »3E 

 part ot the stems. A general ripeness of the unner 



P °? i!!5 d 'T r much loss ^ *e opennt TuSr 

 Zt^f^L 0f .l he ? eeds fr °™ "he pods that arTove?: 



ripened. The crop is reaped by" K-rickte "whteh 

 partly cute and partly pulls the stems from he ground 

 the crop 18 rolled into small heaps that are tfef 12 I 

 straw rope round the girth, or a twist of the Pea-haulm 



SL ?k ^ H req r- W1 ' turaed ™ «d exposed, and 

 S^'^SS^.W ** bulk is carried 'home' anS 



ings of many mechanics, and there see a wife and 

 children in such a state of wretchedness and poverty 

 as is easier imagined than described. Look around 

 through your country, and view with disgust (as un- 

 doubtedly you will) those extensive mansions (the poor- 

 houses) which intoxicating drink and its direful effects 



has filled with wretched, impoverished, and emaciated 

 inmates. -"■--•-- 



emigrate, or give up i.-u.mtj^ «-«- 

 occupied by a more enlightened and 



' will ^ 



etic 



I think I can say, without exaggeration, that 

 irom 60 to 70 per cent, of the inmates of poor-houses, I advance with the times, will be c0 ™f l ^ 3 

 in some districts, owe their present condition to the emigrate, or give up farming, and thei r i 



vice of intemperance. These are a few of the many " 



evils emanating from this vice, which the use of malt 

 drink is liable to lead to, commencing with a small 

 performed; ^^^^J^^^l I R55? ?* generating to a habit. R F, Phcznix iW 



farmer must adapt his measures to the «W" . j, 

 of the times in which he lives. The want ot bw,^ 

 costliness of manual labour, and the uncertain; > 

 weather, have caused the Englishman » . 

 mechanical hay-maker, and the American w 

 a corn-reaping machine. The abandomnj r, 

 taction has already compelled the owners i u nor^ 

 of land, and induced their servants, tne r^ 

 makers, to contrive and adopt many im ' ^ 

 which otherwise would most probably ^ a 

 neglected, and given such an impetus to ^^4* 

 its sJoggnfa progress required. Ana it p ^ ^ 

 its late unprecedented progress will go ' „ p^ 

 accelerated speed, as each invention natui • ho £ 

 for still further improvement. Those term ^ 



cling to old prejudices and old P™*^ e* 

 -j__° ..,*.."'- ._• ...:n 1v> compei' eu ^ 



energ e "" a, 





be 



part with the seeds, which are a* p ao ;w, , • ^eeiy 



♦u- -t_-«* ™, ' » ttltj a3 easilv Winnowed frnm 



the chaff. 



The manufacture is very easy. 



The average produce of Peas nn •« «™ * 



stated at 24 to 30 bushels. Th? i^J^? ™ y *? 

 farinaceous and saccharine ma Iter* ami i?£? T^ 

 tiou, No other Leguminous pft.'S^ 

 this .quality, except the "French Bean.- Vt \™£ 



toughness, which makes them 



Removal of Hedge-row Trees.— In reference to the 

 desire of "An Enquirer " to receive advice on this sub- 

 ject (see No. 35), I should say if his land is situated in 

 any position not too exposed, and a considerable part is 

 in tillage or will advantageously admit thereof, it would 

 be best to remove all timber a D d useless fences, with the 

 exception of an occasional tree of the most thrivin 



g> 



farmers, and the country — , , Q aD «u--- 

 change. But it will be a sad result," i{3 £ 



the Corn-laws should deprive EngjJ^ *J 

 energetic and enterprising labourers an" ^ ^ 9 

 is an evil already commenced, ana g 

 precated, for, as the poet says— fade ; 



•' Prince, and lord* may tiounsh °™ h8j *ade- 



A breath can make them, as 



\ie 



A breath can maae ■.■■*.«., --,_„.»» priu" „ 

 But a bold peasantry, their ^XVpplied,' A 

 Wh n once destrov-d. can never _,t^ tlie «^ 



renders the seed of this latter plant disagreeable to h P 

 «*«. The meal of Peas has been baked into bread" 

 «aed unmixed the dkesti™ ;« a;k^u *u '"? . .» 



adhere to thVteS ' ""TV"' 1 inn /f ^H to be left' o,, t of tlfe 

 ™ ,- to tne te *th, »ay and where useful in afford! >,g B hade and shelter to 



is 



stock. 



Ibis would lay the land open for farther im- 

 provement, increase its available quantity, and afford a 

 cnance ot growing good crops at a moderate expense. 



Such energetic enterprising men c f^ he f} 

 and strength of our country ; they ^m 



and their Joss will be severf io „ ^ 



will be properly estimated. ' : nd j„ e nt l 'i 

 confined to the helpless and the ^ ^ &» 

 be beneficial to the country i !» tadust rioUS CW*- 

 policy to p^mote it amongst tne 





