THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



farinS»pposed to be capable ot Keeping 36 breeding 

 cows, the stock required will be— 



VI two->ear-old°. in milk, 

 12 three-y earmolds, do. 

 12 four- year-olds, do. 



The following calculation will show what amount ol 

 capital is required to stock such a farm. Suppos.ng the 

 Inly to be at Whitsunday, with sufficient Grass on the 

 farm to keep the stock required ; as no sale could take 

 place the first year, the whole must be purchased to 

 Lnmence the system, and prepare for the sale in the 



The stock of cattle, horses, &c, to be 





• • • 



following year, 

 purchased, would be — 



12 tw -year-old heifers, in milk 



12 three-year old do.... 



12 one-year-old do.... 



12 heifer ca^es do.... 



1 yearling bull 



5 horses 



Implements, <fcc. of all sorts, say 



Guano 



Meal for servants, <fcc. 



Other outlays, including servants' wages 



corn, &c. <fcc. 



• •• 



• # • 



• • • 



• 1 1 



• • ■ 



#•• 



■ • * 



at £40 each £480 



480 



300 



180 



50 

 150 

 80 

 40 

 20 



at 

 at 

 at 

 at 

 at 



40 

 25 

 15 

 50 

 30 



«•• 



• •• 



• - i 



I* 





■ ■ • 





 

 





 

 

 

 

 







































seed 



* • • 



« » ■ 



• ■ • 



■ • • 



220 



Capital required ... ... £2000 



The above may be said to be too high an estimate ; 

 but, in laying the foundation of a stock of this kind, 

 nothing but the highest-bred short-horns must be selected, 

 which can only be procured at high rates. The 220Z. 

 for incidental expenses will all be required, as there will 

 be no crop on the farm the first year. The 40 acres of 

 permanent pasture should graze the cows, and the 32 

 •ftOtti of two-year-old Grass should suffice for the heifers 

 and horses— the 32 acres of new Grass to be cut for hay, 

 except what may be used for soiling the horses or cows 

 at night, and young calves. The bull calves must be 

 sold in August, say at from four to six months old, and 

 the 15 acres of Turnips should be sufficient for the cows, 

 one-year-old heifers, &c, so that it will leave 17 acres 

 more for other green crops, say 



4 acres in Tares. 



8 „ Potatoes. 



5 „ Turnips, to be eaten off by sheep. 



The cows should be drafted yearly, and sold in August, 

 along with the bull calves, by public roup, and the cows 

 •stinted with high-bred bulls. The cast cows, being then 

 only four years old, would be purchased by the breeders ; 

 and making a fair allowance for deaths or other casual- 

 ties, there would be for sale yearly — 



10 bull-calves, at £20 each £300 



12 cast cows in calf, four years old, at £30 each 360 



ATevery calf is allowed the milk of its own mother, 

 they will be bad milkers if they do not do ample justice 

 to the calves. The heifer-calves may be weaned at three 

 months old, and the bull-calves should get their extra 

 quantity of milk till sold, or, say, from 1st of June till 

 August. This would be increasing their supply oi milk 

 in place of reducing it, as is too common a practice with 

 breeders. The bull-calves, when exposed for sale m 

 August, will be in first-rate condition, from receiving 

 this extra supply of milk, more especially if they have 

 been soiled with a little Clover or Tares. This may be 

 thought too high feeding, but it is an erroneous notion ; 

 for if calves have been fed on sweet milk, or other nutri- 

 tious food, in place of slops, they will be strengthened 

 in their constitution, easier kept, and be less liable to 

 disease. Look at calves which have suckled their 

 mothers how strong and robust they are, seldom being 

 attacked with the diseases generally so common among 

 calves ! Little doubt can be entertained of many of 

 these maladies being attributable to feeding with slops. 

 There is another absurd practice among breeders, of 

 giving Turnip-tops to calves, which is considered a 

 saving ; but anything more injurious cannot be imagined, 

 as these vegetables are of a laxative nature. Calves 

 should never taste Turnip-tops. Give them what is 

 natural, viz., sweet milk ; and as they advance, provide 

 them some additional nourishing food, of rather a solid 

 nature, but not too strong. When properly nursed and 

 well kept, calves get strong before winter- the severity 

 of which they are thus enabled to withstand, more 

 especially if descended from stocks with plenty of hair. 

 Ill-fed calves, on the contrary, suffer severely in winter, 

 and often fall victims to the parsimony of their owners. 

 An idea is entertained by some breeders, that if all their 

 cows produce calves, they are sure to be well paid ; but 

 one good calf is better than three bad ones. Many 

 animals which would have made good oxen, heifers, or 

 cows, are ruined when calves ; they may recover, but 

 not when young ; so that the early maturity of such 

 animals can never be attained. Every day's neglect in 

 properly feeding calves retards their maturity ; while 

 every day's good feeding will tell in the animal's favour. 

 On such a bull-breeding farm as now described, nothing 

 but the best of food must be supplied to the calves, other- 

 wise they will cut a poor figure when exposed for sale. 

 It would be good policy for breeders to have an extra 

 set of cows to suckle the bull calves as they should be, 

 and for four months at least. 



niana 



grubbing and 

 certain that 



machine 



to which our men of science have not vet 



• * — L 



side, and it has been under^aThnTrabii 

 some years. Some of our rustics At^E^S 

 greater power than they allow to t hl d U *i 

 assert that it possesses some mysterio» a °* * 



™ «* harrowing the human ZrT"! « 



n connection with its ooaS * * 

 some small, and their x£^*?* *tf 



desideratum in ..... 



in connection with it, there is a gold fmine^f^ 11 * 

 reserve for another generation. I all °d ^ * 

 desirableness of possessing a machine that Lu * 

 you off a moral quality. How desirable for^T* 

 would it be to have a machine that would wea ^^ 

 of charity with which we might invest our c wi* 

 garments of courage with which to clothe «» * 



£660 



Losses, from death by disease or accident, must be 

 guarded against by insurance. 



The next calculation will be as regards the crops and 

 other products of the farm. The grain crops should 

 stand nearly thus: 



Quarters, 



32 acres Oats, say 6 quarters per acre 192 



•For seed 22 quarters. 



„ horses, say 40 



„ iervauts' meal, &c, say 50 







n 



112 



if 



Leaving 80 quarters Oats for sale. 

 Two acre* Wheat for farmer's use. 

 Barley, 30 acres, say 6 quarters per acre 



For seed 15 quarters. 



meal 25 



1 1* 



180 



• • t 



• . . 



40 





leaving: 140 quarters Barley for sale. 



The other items to be sold, besides the stock, should 

 ba as under : 



140 quarters Barley, at20#. 

 80 .. Oats, at 18$. 



• •• 



• • t 



• • • 



Hilk of 20 cows, from August till,' say, lit Dec. 

 Four cows' milk for the use of farm. 



Spare Potatoes, say 20 tuns 



5 acres Turnips, to be eaten by sheep 



Proceeds of cows and calves 



• ■ . 



• t « 



• • . 



• » t 



£140 



72 



40 



50 



25 



660 





 

 









 



» •* 



• - - 



« *• 



Rent, Expenditube, &c. 

 5 €nt •••- £40* 



Hates and taxes 



Interest on £2000 



Insurance of stock ... 



Servants' wages, Ac. 

 ^eds 



Tear and wear of implements 

 Wear of horses 

 Cutting crop 

 Cutting hay 

 Daily workers 

 Tradesmen's accounts 

 Incidental expenses 



£987 



• • ■ 



• ? • 



* # • 



• • * 



♦ • . 



• •• 



f *• 



« ■ • 



• *• 



• • < 



• •» 



• #t 



• • * 



• • • 



• » * 



• ■ * 



10 

 100 

 25 

 80 

 20 

 15 

 15 

 25 

 5 



20 

 20 

 32 





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



£767 



£220 



pie above shows a profit of 220L, which would be 

 rather hmited for a farmer so employed ; but it will be 

 seen that 10«. are set down for interest of capital, with 

 an ample supply of meal, Potatoes, and milk, and two 

 arces of \\ heat and garden stuff. He might also keep a 

 few Ayrshire cows, pigs, poultry, pigeons, sheep, lambs, 

 and a small ox for beef, &c, so that the house would be 

 kept in a great measure from the farm. As, on such a 

 iarm, young men are to be preferred as servants, the 

 whole of whom should be lodged and victualled by the 



farmer, the wages are, therefore, set down as under : 



82ML—:"— •• xw o . 



• * . 



»- - 



Two ploughmen, say ... 

 Cattle-keeper, say 

 A woman or boy assisting ... 

 One servant girl for house- work 

 Three for dairy and other work 



• •• 



• • « 



*. ■ 



• •• 



• • • 



■ ■ ■ 



* « ■ 



• • f 



« • • 



• ■ « 



• • * 



« «• 



• - . 



» • • 



21 



10 



6 



7 

 21 





 

 

 

 B 





 

 

 

 

 



Ihis is ample enough, even if a few extra cows are 

 kept, as well as those for breeding. An overflowing 

 supply of milk should always be secured, which would 

 cost nothing additional, in summer at least, when there 

 •hould be plenty of spare Grass, 



If the preceding calculations be correct, a bull-breed- 

 ing trade will be a safe speculation to those who under- 

 stand its principles ; but it must not be undertaken by 

 men who are not thorough judges of short-horns, and 

 practically acquainted with their management. Sucli a 

 farm should produce manure for itself ; and by leaving 

 every fourth or fifth drill of Turnips to be eaten off by 

 sheep, it will tend to consolidate the land and prepare it 

 for a Barley crop. The Tares and Potatoes could be 

 raised with less manure than what is required for Turnips. 

 The capital required for such a farm is considerable, 

 being 10/. per acre; still, this shows live per cent, 

 interest, and a fair remunerating profit. Extravagant 

 profits from farming must not now be looked for ; and 

 to a farmer who admires and values good stock, this 

 will be a most agreeable occupation. Dickson, on the 

 Breeding of Live Stock. 



Home Correspondence. 



An Agricultural Machine not exhibited in the Crystal 

 Palace. — This machine is called a " Mercantile Relation 

 Machine," and has been in use in these parts for many 

 years. It has not been exhibited, for some or all of the 

 following reasons. It is of too large dimensions, and 

 would occupy too much room, the entire surface of a 

 farm being embraced within the range of its operations 

 at once. It could not be properly classed as the product 

 of peaceful industry, because it is itself a propeller of 

 industry, and its appropriate field of action is not always 

 one of peace. It has been proposed to call this machine 

 a universal grubber or universal scarifier ; but the 

 obvious objections to these names are. that they define 

 only a small portion of the work to which it may be 

 applied. They besides convey no correct idea of the 

 form of the machine. A huge fly-wheel being attached 

 to it, and to this a dredging box, with this it traverses 

 the currents of agricultural prosperity, and effectually 

 removes every obstruction. Occasionally a sinking 

 agriculturist gets into this dredging box, and is tumbled 

 over amongst other useless things. There is also a 

 cairding apparatus attached. By means of this the 

 population of our towns are cairded among the popula- 

 tion of our counties. It is truly worthy of admiration, 

 that slow and worm-like process by which the 

 inhabitants of our cities are brought out rich and sent 

 back poor. Universal tormentor is perhaps the most 

 appropriate name by which it might be named. But 

 the objections to this name are, that the tormentor is 

 not so generally known as an agricultural implement as 

 to convey the idea that the machine under consideration 

 has an exclusively agricultural origin as well as applica- 

 tion. The mercantile relation machine, although it 

 possesses no very scientific name, is a wonderful machine. 

 It thoroughly grubs, and ploughs, and harrows, and 

 kicks, and knocks, and bruises, and threshes, and grinds, 

 and comminutes to every conceivable degree of 

 fineness. It sows to any required thickness, and thus 

 reminds me that it reaps very imperfectly. As a general 

 rule, it does all sorts of agricultural work in the rough 

 and cruel line with admirable precision, from the 



, -^u ux UU8 machine that kkl' 

 iy of these very desirable enk E 



— J t has weaved for us several t j L 



of a very durable fabric, and warranted to stand «?* 

 of a web called the tc web of hatred." To mfcS 

 machine, we put some of our most sagacious and w 

 paid labourers. Although the duties required exari* 

 more the intellect than the arms, these happen aboteU 

 the stoutest of their class. These men are known mil 

 district by a peculiar name. The name denotes £ 

 their office is by no means of Saxon origin. It ' 

 probably from Holland, whence come all our excelW^ 

 in the mercantile way ; or more likely still, from sotnerf 

 the early settlements of the Dutch on the co«t rf 

 Africa. This machine works with tremendous imp** 

 and mutilates in a shocking manner any unkb 

 individual who may happen to fall within the nmi 

 its operations. The first of all duties, therefore, inefe. 

 bent upon its superintendent, is the dutyofseifprasn. 

 tion. And in order to this, it is necessary tht be 

 acquire such a degree of dexterity in his manipAfio^ 

 that the machine shall not be permitted to hmme b 

 own fingers. This dexterity in course of tine a 

 acquired, and it is incredible the amount of wor 

 of our best workmen go through, and return fm't 

 quite hearty, and "fresh and clean as a ribbon," as we 

 say in country phrase. PS. The writer of the forefaj 

 is a farmer, and begs the aid of the Editor of theljfi. 

 cultural Gazette to put some moral restraint upon tie 

 practice of "rouping" [i.e., letting to the hi^ot 

 bidder] every farm whenever it falls out of lease, h- 



tinado, East Lothian. 



Beet Sugar. — Taking great interest in the succoAl 

 introduction of the Beet sugar industry into Iretad, I 

 have watched with some anxiety the progress 4 jm 



under the impression that the 



opinions, under tne impression 

 evidences in favour of its prosecution might iitej* 

 to take a rather more extended view of the subject tktt 

 your various remarks tend to promise. Injow» 

 pression of May 24th you cite the authoritj 4 ari 

 Kane, who takes his information from sources of a cob- 

 paratively ancient date in the annals of Bee: i 

 making ; for it must always be remembered tha u 

 only within the last few years, while the powerful pro- 

 tection afforded to that interest by the French b<wo- 

 ment has been gradually withdrawn, thatthe; 

 Beet-root and its highly profitable conversion i« 

 by the compulsory aid of science, lias attained «■ 

 unexpected rank in the productions of rrance. m 

 even at the present time, with the total ita» J 

 protection, and a duty of 10 per cent, in «JM 

 colonial su.ar, the number of refineries is augj 

 and their increased produce will soon tend toj» 



* ally excluding «f» 



That Ireland is peculiarly adapt** 

 ops, no unpre, 

 an instant deny. With great depth ^ so 



mastery of the market, by gradually exc 



grown sugar. 



perfection of root crops, no uti 



prejudiced mind * » 



ilriA 



an instant aeny. wiui gx*- — r- ^ 



vegetable constituents, and a humid clgj^rf 

 sary for the full development of the lea ^ fc 



plant, the influences ^^f y ^^ t 

 r ±:_ ~f TWt. are abundantly** 



the m 



the production of Beet are ~- . ^ 



and no comparison can be JJ^ t & 



culture and that of the Tobacco 



cane, 



solar 



the ji 



while 



plan ! l *w • 



both of *hich require the P»^JJ*,*i 



of the »*7 



its ftI 



the sugar yielding principle 



numerous 



darkness ana im»»«"~ ^ ^^0 « *] 

 he soil. And if the ge ner a 1- Wj^ 



s cultivators of sugar Beet tins ^ ^, 



is to be credited, no doubt can now ex i ^ 



crop promising from 30 to 40 u ton * ^vein^ 

 feel disappointment in taking the uuna ^ 

 prize which opens so wide a ecope toi ' ^ j ; 

 The statement made by Dr. Hancock >^ ^ 

 Association, and to which you refer in jo ^ 

 August 16th, abounds with such an f^ &&&> 

 illiberal assumptions, that it can /"' % r SO ffle opPJ 

 as the prejudiced views of an agitator ^&* 

 interest, and I will not occupy you* ? ^ w the f* 



of his mis-statement of facts, as app" 



interest 



as J' 08 



\i 



A* 



condition of the Beet sugar "J «r ^ M 

 alroMlv admitted in your Gazette ot ^ 



which I 



■aders. 



W 



re^ 





1*1 





down of a house to the beating 

 ciently worked, it makes a fine 



rfemJ 1 

 >d for the puirr-, 

 e as their data W 

 e Continent. * 

 1W materia^coi.^ 



equivalent results may be fa«rty f° VTaa ce » -\„; * 



of labour is as low in 



and fuel, that important item 



the profit attached to •«- -- ^..-^ose , „„ 

 the Association (formed for **F?j£rf] if ■ 



wo Aawvmuuu v «v,*...~ , . simply - 



out in Ireland), assume as their w ^ proC c* 

 are obtained upon the Continenj. fca9e dly ^ 

 secret, and with a raw materj » ipatc d. ^ 

 equivalent results may be ia"V p ra nce ^ ^ *■ 



»uu JUtij iu«*u *«»»|/v- — form 



penditure, abounds,_in the. w 



of P«* 



Ji 



