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^^^^m^H^w 



676 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 



land six weeks after the lime was put on. 



also 



omitted to mention that where there is not a spring 

 available, for the purpose of trying this experiment, 

 the next best plan, in my opinion, is to lay a 1 A to 2 inch 

 pipe into a brook, and take the water by it into an artifi- 

 cial watercourse (selecting, of course, such a situation as 

 will give you the necessary fall), taking care to slope 

 down the sides to a low angle (as in the section), and 



sodding the sides 

 of it very care- 

 fully ; without 

 this precaution, 

 the erosion of the 



water and the disintegrating action of the frost, are apt 

 to bring down the banks, and choke the spawning beds; 

 for want of forethought on this point, I have known 

 very promising beds entirely spoiled.] 



But though trout and salmon could be bred in this 

 manner, if this were the true theory (which I by no 

 means believe), there would be no means of breeding 

 hybrids between them, which I take to be a far more 

 important thing to achieve, and to which I will now refer. 

 Ever since my attention was turned to the artificial 

 breeding of fish, it has always appeared to me exceed- 

 ingly desirable and important to breed hybrids between 

 the trout and the salmon. The fry of the salmon (which, 

 by the bye, is perhaps the most delicate flavoured 

 fish that exists in this country), although it lives 

 and thrives in fresh water for two or three years, if I 

 kept in a locality where it cannot escape to the sea, yet 

 if kept longer than that time pines away and dies. If, 

 therefore, we could obtain a cross between the river 

 trout and the salmon, we should probably produce a 

 fish which, being a hybrid, would be always in good 

 condition ; being crossed with a river fish it would 

 probably never require a visit to salt water to keep it 

 in good health. Being crossed with a salmon, it ought 

 to get to a good size in a comparatively short period ; 

 and if it would rise at the fly or the minnow, ought to 

 afford good sport to the angler. There does not appear 

 to be a greater specific difference between the trout and 

 the salmon than there is between the horse and the ass, 

 the mallard and the musk duck, or a Cabbage and a 

 Turnip; but in all my experiments hitherto, I have 

 never yet succeeded in producing a hybrid between the 

 trout and the salmon, yet I do not despair of doing so ; * 

 for there was always a something to complain of and to 

 doubt about, in every one I tried, and I still think I 

 shall succeed by perseverance. Even if I succeed, the 

 result may not prove quite so favourable as I anticipate, 

 but may turn out as unfortunately as the marriage of 

 the gentleman in the story, which relates that, being 

 good tempered but ugly himself, he married a hand- 

 some but bad tempered wife, hoping that his children 

 would have his good temper and their mother's good 

 looks ; but when they grew up they were as ugly as 

 the father, and as ill-tempered as the mother. So it 

 may prove with these hybrids ; they may not thrive in 

 fresh water, they may not get to a good size, they may 

 not rise at the artificial fly, they may be worthless for 

 the table ; nevertheless it is desirable, if possible, that 

 this should be ascertained. The progeny of a male 

 salmon and a female trout may be much better or much 

 worse fitted for a continued residence in fresh water, 

 than the descendants of a male trout and a female 



be any strong excitement in it, but that is a great mis- 

 take ; let me get to the bank of a river well stocked with 

 trout in a good humour, early in the morning, and I feel 

 neither hunger, thirst, nor fatigue, if I fish until dark 

 without tasting anything ; and the excitement of hook- 

 ing a 10 or 12 pound salmon is not much inferior to that 

 produced by a long run after the hounds. 



I cannot conclude without calling the attention of all 

 interested, and able to render assistance, in remedying 

 the evil, to the great falling off there is in all the salmon 

 rivers in England (with those in Scotland and Ireland 

 I am not acquainted, but believe that matters are not in 

 a much better state there). I believe that the unsatis- 

 factory state of the law has a great deal to do with this 

 decline in the value of the fisheries, and I also believe 

 that is quite possible so to alter the law, as to very, 

 greatly improve them, without interfering improperly 

 with what is of far more importance, I mean the manu- 

 factories of the country. As the law stands at present, 

 the proprietors of the upper parts of the rivers have not 

 the slightest interest in the preservation of the fish in 

 the breeding season ; for, as they are seldom allowed to 

 see a fish during the season, why should they look after 

 the poachers in close time ? why should they be put to 

 much expense and trouble, as well as risk the lives of 

 their keepers, merely to breed fish for the proprie- 

 tors of stake nets and estuary fishings who do not 

 spend a farthing in the preservation of the fish when 

 breeding, and yet reap all the benefit ? I had occasion 

 some years ago to examine the evidence given on this 

 subject before the House of Commons in 1825, and was 

 exceedingly amused at the schemes resorted to, to evade 

 the law, moderate and inefficient as was that law. Since 

 then the law has been altered both in Scotland and 

 Ireland, but I do not know what are the provisions nor 

 what has been the effect of the new law; it required 

 that there should be a free passage for the salmon 

 through all the traps, weirs, nets, or devices, that were 

 used to catch or detain them, from sunset on Saturday 

 night to sunrise on Monday morning. One man said he 

 paid 700QI. a year for his fishing, and therefore if he 

 allowed them to pass on Sundays he should lose one- 

 seventh of his catch ; another said he allowed a free 



So far from thlslidnTthe" 



passage of fish, and this 



fern no nC ?!**•« 



r*i. - * ' " 11S Wl thout inw • vuun tottc 



of the water power. With the SnTu^ *? ^ 



hopeless. Satai tr^ SS SSSfej 



tures sent by some m mu l^J^ ^ni S* 

 far different : and where such d ° Wn tlle -- * 



ouv-ii nvera never to be seen theJUT • ' Q1Sa PP«v£ 

 noxious contaminations are permit^ 1 "' ^HlS 

 And I know of instances whe re L *? fl °* Kft 

 killed for miles, by the refuse oV^e" 011 ** 



Clitheroe, 



being turned into the river, T. Q 



chemicj] 



ou: 



l». 







„ , ROSES. 



BROTHER AnATECRS ! thf> «v>t„l 



v 7b Irt " N r- ^£t? ? -.• « 



will be the order of the day. Wh v i ,? onr *l« 

 pare notes in the interval « and *2h d Dot * 

 of Roses by Bendermere' ?^,? « of ** 

 about 1 85 U At all events, like CW "£ 9o «^ 

 in, and bid you follow. ' Uaan >» l Wjj^ 



» Uprou.e je then, my merry, „„„, 



And come down with me (in inariJL T 

 in your dressing-gown) some mornin. ah 'J ?***> * 

 first week in July last. He who % * **. J? 

 favourites, not seta |fc 



«• With their rosy faces washed with d«w » 



has indeed a treat, when 



«' Jocund day stand* tip-too on the misty mounts* to- 



and when ™ 



' • Morn, in the white wake of the mornit* ,t». 

 Comes, furrowing all the orient into gold • ' 



What a great exhibition ! Aye, and « of all nations" 

 Ayrshire and Austria, the Prairies and Persia " 

 and sunny France, have sent their represent*- 

 saying « Go, lovely Rose ; go to the land whoTS 

 blem is the queen of flowers 





0. 





this 



Mi. Lindley says, in his introduction to the " Guide to 

 the Orchard, &c," that in the cross fertilisation of 

 fruits, &c, the seedling always partakes more of the 

 character of the male than the female parent. But I 

 believe that in breeding mules it is found more desirable 

 that the father should be an ass than a horse. In my 

 poultry yard, I breed hybrids between the musk duck and 

 the common duck, and I find that I have a much better 

 progeny from the male musk duck and the common duck 

 than from the common drake and the female musk duck ;' 

 m the latter cross, although the mules are fine birds, 



J\l n T?l e * *fl not , ,ar S er tha * widgeons, and fly about 

 almost hke wild ducks ; this may not always be the case, 

 but has proved so with me. But to return to the fish 

 I! any gentleman interested in such matter does me the 

 honour to read this paper, and wishes for further infor- 

 mal on the subject, I shall be happy to give it as far 



oni fill ! I/** 7 SUI 2 X am ' that the s Portsman who 

 once fairly storts as a fly fisher, and is so fortunate as 



desoisJor Sy" °1 * large , tr0Ut > wiU thenceforward 

 SPw 8 y e8teem corks * nd floats > ground baits 



w^b Z mer n' pU ? tS and P erch fi sl»ng, and will fairi v 



w S roS ^ ATa^fJ *' * !*" Stream -"stocked 

 ficv.ll- , a g entlem »n lately said to me « Flv 



^ItrTe ^y^T^h^l^ 

 s^t^JT^h^a sual observer there does not appear to 



and the common trout ? •"»» thi^h«- Sprod (8 / a trout ? > 

 the progeny so said to h.™ w ' 5* l °/ 8eea and "am'ned 

 farther enquiries on the suWeWfi^'h aDd - m * ki " g S ' >me 

 whether the female was a »£!f ' d t , her * ,s some doub * 

 therefore I cannot confidential ,T.T ly a - whit0 trout - and 

 I could), that hybrid fisHad aiU ar .tT etIlneag J o1 belleyed 

 •ome of your readers ma, no "know *L? eta pr ° duced - 

 ^necessary Co explain, ? I n shS"^^^'^ fth'wnten 



from six to 



this we haye a" 8 TmiUr" taTtowS?^ ^SdU ■ 



» iittle earlier, at Jea«r f which W ?t? aSl r f ™* n the river 

 ^r they run up with ew, Hood from June to sM* rt, l earller - 

 Jifch weighs from one to three pounds -thu &%!"%?< an<l 

 called a mort (in Scotland sea trout), both he,. VWL bb,e i§ 

 two species, afford splendid sport to the an! b? b lfthe y are 



net, They are also very delicate eating, y hls ^d-.ng 



passage on Sundays, but would not allow any one to go 

 and examine for themselves ! A third proved that he 

 allowed the fish a free passage on Sundays, but his 

 neighbours proved that he placed in the gap a crocodile 

 painted red ! aud a fourth was convicted of breaking 

 down the stake nets in the estuary of a river, at the 

 same time he had a net stretched entirely across the 

 river above, both night and day ; and so with many 

 others, every one striving with all his might to kill the 

 goose that laid the golden eggs. 



This is not the way to improve the salmon fisheries ; 

 to do this effectually, the upper proprietors must have a 

 strong interest in the preservation of the breeding fish ; 

 and in order to give them this interest, they ought to 

 have an ample supply of them when in the best con- 

 dition ; and to give them this supply, the law ought to 

 be altered. At present I believe the law does not require a 

 free passage for the fish (in English rivers, at least), 

 except from Saturday night to Monday morning. In 

 many of them, I believe, even this is not insisted upon, 

 whereas the law ought to prohibit fishing for, or obstruct- 

 ing the passage of, the fish every night from sunset to 

 sunrise, and this regulation ought to be rigorously en- 

 forced ; this would give the upper proprietors a chance 

 of having good fish, and a corresponding inducement to 

 take care of them ; but nobody would be so much bene- 

 fited as the owners of fisheries at the mouths of 



; they would be the first takers, and would still 

 get the lion's share of all the fish that ascended the 

 river. If this were enforced, the expenses of conser- 

 vation might be defrayed by levying a small tax 

 m the shape of a license for angling, which all true 

 sportsmen would be glad to pay, if it gave a reasonable 

 prospect of a well stocked river. Now, matters are 

 getting worse every day, and notwithstanding the enor- 

 mous fecundity of the femalef salmon (a large one pro- 

 ducing 23,000 ova in a season), they are now extinct 

 m some rivers where they used to be found in my re- 

 collection, and in others, where they used to be abun- 

 dant, they are now become quite scarce. Nobody need 

 to wonder at this, when he is told that gangs of poachers 

 are on the look-out for them all through the spawning 

 season ; and in one winter, some years ago, as I am 



go, do homage to w 

 sister, * the bonnie English Rose.' * ; 



But, " hist ! I hear footsteps " (as they say on h 

 stage). A gardener approaches, bearing a huge mm 

 box; it ;is filled with the freshest and brightest mm 

 moss, the which is studded with zinc tubes. Oh !&? 

 of triumph or of tears (Rose-water, of course) to tb 

 florist ! It is the day of the Rose Show at K— ! 

 "Courage, thou foolish, fluttering heart ;" and, «» 

 dener, give me the Rose-nippers^ « Whither shall * 

 go first? "—"Why, to that glorious, glowing metwr 

 which gleams the brightest in our floral firo. 

 ment— to G£ant des Batailles, and the Hybrid Per- 

 petuals ! (By the way, was " Geant des Batailfei 1 

 the name sent from France ; and if so, what does it 

 mean ? " Champ de Bataille " would be far ram 

 appropriate to the Rose, for crimson is its colour 

 the blood of heroed!) At all events, it will be long ere 

 any competitor shall win the proud title of tt Jack tb 

 Giant Killer ;" and justly does it merit the p 

 bestowed by Messrs. Wood — " quite unsurpassed. ,, Bit 

 now, "place aux dames P 9 Let the Duchess of Suther* 

 land, Baronne Pi'evost, and Lady Alice Peel, attend ¥ 



Shall we cut 



rivers 



ladies-in-waiting upon La Reine 

 blooms of William Jesse, Madame Laffay,andDr.Man! 

 No; they will expand too rapidly in water, and r 

 o'clock will do no credit to the pan. Standard if 

 Marengo— thou art beautiful in colour and in shape, M 

 I dare not trust thee, for I know that in a few boos 

 thine interior would be visible to the public. Comte* 

 Duchatel, Duchesse de Montpensier, Madame Aimee, 

 Robin Hood, ye have charms of tint and form, but (like 

 Lord John Russell in Punch), « you 're not quite tag 

 enough for the place." Baronne Hallez-thou art M 

 of promise, but this is thy first season with us, and aw 

 art-we will not say of a lady, ".no better ttajj 

 shouldst be," but-not so good as thou wilt be. wm 

 Trudeaux, thou must stay at home, for we perceive m 



green in thine eye. 39 u . m p tf . 



We have lingered so long among the HyDna r 

 petuals, of which, says Rivers, « No Rows are a» 



-thy the attention of the lover of nW . 

 "brevis esse laboro" must now be our motto, 

 must give the remaining favourites, which ^J*^ 





woi 



masse : Paul Ricaut (were to 



In 



the Giant himself might feel uncom 



Casas. Comte Bonbe«*- Coune d'Hebe, ana ^^ 



from 



the Gallic* 



skspere— 



;u«, - — 



iclude both 



•1.1 • Vaji f ' IV ~— '" v " n " c w^'i «« ui it? stream, iwiusars. xvivcrs anvt ^»«^ \fpcart. *— 



wijiin SOO yards of the place where I now write. It is Shakspere in their lists, but are no LTbeW* 

 nobody s business, and nobody's interest to prevent this, ! and Wood correct in declaring the two m i # 

 and therefore it K oes on openly night and day. Are tical ? And, being on the subject of dis 2tell^ - 

 there no mfluential gentlemen in the House of Commons modern « war of the Roses," " can any 

 who will take up this matter, and endeavour to get an 

 equitable and comprehensive law passed, for the pre- 



ServatlOn and incroocA a( tl. n W_ j -f-.i... « y. i 



As 



seryation and increase of the breed of salmon \ 

 matter of almost national importance; and if duly pro- 

 vided for and properly attended to, I see no improba- 

 bility m the supposition that salmon would again be as 

 abundant as they used to be, when the apprentices on 

 the banks of the Ribble, stipulated that they should no" 

 be compelled to eat salmon more frequently than th 

 days in the week. mi ' "•" 



modern « war of the Roses," "can anj 01 ^ ^ 

 to quote the language of certain^ con <* *£ 

 articles in this_Paper, called <T ^ ^ 



Lane 



ree 



fo 

 wh 



.... The apathy of the country gentlemen 



in tins matter is to me unaccountable. I have some 

 reason to believe, however, that Government have at 

 all times been so far from lending their influence to the 

 promoters of any attempt to amend these laws, that 

 they have obstructed rather than assisted them, most 



tt L T ""• u Ca tha V he P res <™i™ of the fish 

 would in erfere with manufactories. If I thought that 



vTw e T tl,ecase ' Iwou,d not sa y a word on the 

 I subject j but I am very far from holding such an opinion. 



« can any one tell us who is General Alhr _. ^ 

 China, say Rivers and Paul. Hybrid W rf ;,„ 



-" - I look at a splendid bM» ^ ^ 

 the table before me, this 21st day of U« ° ( W 

 my vote with the latter. And, again, «h« ftieD <i , 

 Yellow * » « Gold, of course," says some ^ ^ ^ 

 but we mean to what class does lit d e kw ^ g mpe r»** 

 rities have declared it a Tea, a Noisette, * . ^ 

 —which is it 1— but to our pan oi * h & 



Jacqueminot ("rich, velvety crimson, & 

 Rosl," Wood), Leopold de *»»£? C ^jj 

 from the Hybrid Chinas; Pr '°f 8om e*b»< ^ 

 (Emerance is beautiful indeed, but ^^h^ 

 where only single blooms are ehownj, ^ m W 

 Provence; Madame Zoutman (cut «n rf ^A 

 expanded), from the Damask ; Qn£ ^ De rcDieP* 

 Alba; Souvenir de la Mahnaison, Bouroo , 





J If. 





