43 



18 



.» 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



and so will the fat, than if they were allowed to inert se 

 at a natural rate, in character with the growth of the 

 animal A pig six months old will fatten quicker than 

 one three months old, comparatively speaking, sorts 

 being the same ; and the former will prove the best 

 speculation. Perhaps experience J persons will be kind 

 enough to state their opinions, from observation, on this 

 important subject We find for general purposes, such 

 as riding, driving, and for regular steady work on the 

 road, or hunting, half-bred horses are 'the best, and 

 show more condition under severe^trials. For speed, 

 where nothing else is required, thorough breds carry the 

 day. For pigs, where pampering is allowed at agricul- 

 tural shows, the fine kinds will run away with the prizes ; 

 but for the pocket, good crosses are to be preferred. 

 Discussing the merits and demerits of that most noisy 

 but useful quadruped, a word about the old story of over 

 feeding for exhibition may be touched upon. It has 

 been proposed that the Agricultural Society of England 

 should offer a prize for the best conditioned bacon and 

 pork pigs, ready for the salting tub, fetching the highest 

 price in the market, and showing by a Dr. and Cr. 

 account the profit accruing to the owner. Protection 

 can never return, so there is no use in farmers expect- 

 ing it. Rents must come down to present prices, and 

 the land must be made to produce crops that will pay, 

 and Wheat may be left out of the list. Falcon. 



Embossed Bricks. — There is no reason why, in building 

 farm houses and cottages, gentlemen should not give 

 them, now that the duty on bricks is removed, and their 

 js no limit to their size, the simple decoration arising 

 # from embossed bricks; many old houses in Norfolk and 

 elsewhere present a very pretty appearance, from the 

 application of the application of this ornament. Designs, 

 however, of this kind were utterly put an end to by the' 

 interference of the excise. As there is now no law to 

 prevent their re-introduction, it is to be hoped that 

 decorative art may again resume its place in buildings 

 made of brick. In the late exhibition there was no 



were entitled. He considered the securitv of this coun- 

 try m a great measure was dej :ident on the aristoeracv ; 

 and although the agriculturists were under acluudat 



685 



with foreign countries without feeling proud that he was 

 an Englishman— and feeling a degree of thankfulness for 

 the- condition of this country, where we can all enjoy the 

 fruits of our labour— where we have liberty and respect for 

 the laws.—C. Hiywaud, Esq., proposed, "The iYnant 

 Farmers of England." He spoke as a practical agricul- 

 turist, and he believed they would agree with him when he 

 said that if good farming would not answer, unquestion- 

 ably bad farming would not. But the difficulty they had 

 to contend with in one respect was this— that if they all 

 went on increasing their productions considerably, they 

 would be increasing their home competition, and by that 

 means they were absolutely contending a^iinst themselves. 

 But lately a prospect had been opened to them, so that 

 they might entertain some hopes that they might make 

 profits of their fields unconnected with this sort of 

 competition. Means had been opened to them of 

 supplying our manufacturers ; and he could not help 

 hoping, although it might be a small hope, yet it wasone 

 for the farmer, that "the improvements that had taken 

 place in the preparation of Flax were such as would lead 

 to a very considerable improvement in the position of 

 the tenant farmers of this country. Because there was 

 Ibis difference between the competition that would ensue 

 and that to which he had previously referred, that if they 

 increased their production in green crops and also in 

 -rain crops, they were only competing i n the same 

 marketwith each other, whereas by the cultivation of Max 

 they were supplying an unlimited demand of our manu- 

 facturers, with which the food they raised did not come 

 into competition. Facilities were now afforded for the 

 cultivation of this crop by which the expectations that 

 had been raised were fully realised ; and he spobs as a 





rans,sHedidnot think it wis due to their navin* 



rusted too much to Providence, or their having trusted 

 oo much to themselves ; but he did believe it wms due 

 to their having trusted too i ich to the State. They had 

 trusted to the Mate to give a rent to the landlord and » 

 living to the tenant out of the almost spontaneous 

 produce of the sod. They had imposed burdens upoa 

 the State which no power on earth could bear ; the 

 -tate had broken down under those burdens, and had 

 thrown them on their own resources. He would ufer 

 to another cause to which he believed their difficulties to 

 he due, nanuly, the fact that they had not followed * hat 

 he would call the commercial principle in their various 



dings. He meant to say that in the renting and 

 _ their farms, keeping them in cultivation, and 

 hndm^amarketfor their produce, they had notactedupoa 

 what he should call a pun ly commercial principle. He 

 would endeavour to illustrate this. He had already 

 stated that he was an owner of land, and also on a small 

 scale an occupier of agricultural land ; he was also an 

 owner and occupier oi land having a commercial value. 

 Now, as an owner of land having a commercial value, he 



proceeded thus with it : he endeavoured first of all to 

 find an eligible imam, and having made with him the 

 best arrangement he could, if he afterwards came to 

 ask him to make an outlay upon the land likely to 

 he advantageous, he said at once he had not the least 



stocking of 





and 



an " Improved jDxicK-m&King ana pressing 

 machine," shown by Whitehead, of Preston, for making 

 pressed bricks from untempered clay, which was admir- 

 ably adapted, by the simple addition of an embossed 

 plate, if fastened to the upper surface of the brick mould, 

 for this purpose. This upper surface was similar to the 

 thick cover of a book ; it was made of iron, and worked 

 on a close and solid hinge. Had the machine been used 

 with an embossed plate, it could not have failed to have 

 attracted much attention. T. F. 



i . . .. . i, .'",' V ~,"~ ~* w ""*" " ' r*~~ »•■-— — — « "••v«« i.c <x»iu mere were no Great < r 



illustration ot embossed bricks, but there was a machine difficulties to be overcome in the production of a crop of 



called an « Imi>rnv«d Hri»]r.m»Mm. mmA «:— Flax than in the production of any of the cereal crop* 



they now cultivated. The obstacle which had hither! 

 been in the way was the finding a market for the crop 

 after it was grown; but that was now completely 

 removed, for immediately the crop was converted into 

 fibre there was an unlimited demand for it, and at a 

 pries which offered a considerable premium between 

 the price at which it could be grown at a profit, and 

 that at which the manufacturer could make it at a profit 

 They only wanted a middle man to convert the straw 

 into fibre for the manufacturer. If that were once 

 supplied he felt satisfied there was a market for their 

 crops, at a price which would be remunerative. He 

 hoped there would be found public-spirited individuals 

 who would enter into companies to supply that link ; 

 and when it was supplied he believed one crop at least 

 would be offered to the farmer which would be a remune- 

 rative one ; 



objection, he was perfectly willing to do so upon th* 

 Meaner paying an interest say from ;, to 7 per cent 

 according to the nature of the < •xpenditurc, and he new 

 yet found a man objecting to those terms— he always 

 acceded to them willingly. Applying this principle to 

 agriculture, he would say that every landlord of 

 agricultural land Bliould at once agree to lay out upon 



his land any sum of mon- v likely to yield a fair return 

 to enable a tenant to prosecute his business more 

 remuneratively. He was bound, how* ver, to say that 

 he had not found agricultural tenants manifest the same 



read in 



Otittitti* 



Gloucestershire Agricultural, Oct. 9.— Tortworth, 



the seat of Earl Ducie, was the scene of a most interest- 

 ing gathering, the Gloucestershire Agricultural Society 

 having been most liberally invited to partake of the hos- 

 pitality of tire mansion, and examine the stock and 

 arrangements on the estate. 



and if that was clearly remunerative it 

 would assist him in producing other crops without the 

 loss which he now suffered. After a few further 



The pleasures of the day 

 were, however, greatly damped by the circumstance that 

 the ill-health of his lordship prevented his personal 



attendance. Shortly after three o'clock, a party of , m ™*>, requesting air. neman, i 

 nearly 130 gent emen sat down to a sumptuous dinner, of the tenant farmer, to respond. 

 In the lamentable absence of Earl Ducie, Lord More ton " 



(his son) presided. 



remarks, he concluded by proposing the toast for which 

 he rose, requesting Mr. Beman, as a very good specinif 



The Chairman proposed " Success 

 to the Agricultural Society, of Gloucester, coupling with 

 the toast the name of Mr. Edward Bowly, of Cirences- 

 ter." Mr. E. Bowly, after expressing his acknowledg- 

 ments, said he could not pass on without adverting to 

 <he deep regret they must all feel for the absence of one 

 to whom they were all so much indebted. What would 

 rare been their society if it had not been for Lord 

 Ducie \ He begged to say they should not have been a 

 society at the present time, if it had not been for his 

 lordship. But it was not only their society that his 

 lordship had benefited, it was this county, it was all 

 ^ngland. No man of his rank had mixed so much with 

 the middle classes of society, and he knew their wants 

 ana eehngs ; and consequently, holding the position he 

 aid, lie was calculated to do an immense amount of good 

 to the country at large. He was sorry to refer to the 

 oaa times they were now suffering from ; but they must 

 remember they were times which were foretold. Every 

 aonest Free-trader had said they would have a time of 

 transition— a time when the cloud would be passing 

 over, alter which they would have a bright sun before 

 «?m. All he wished was that they might see 



W- SUr V He hiraself had long seen the folly of 

 J»wng back,— he looked to what they were to do 



t\ml * ? ture t0 meet that future - What was this 



fimk « A ti ; a . nsition ? K was this : the tenant farmer 



"as that his receipts are diminished, and that his out- 



uudfr ?• °* the Same ' and that a S° od deal of il is not 

 mis immediate control. He could directly control 



exnSi Where i4 WaS abuudant i he coulJ control the 

 rate* !i ° f hlS household > he could n °t control his 



diate taXeS ' his rent also was not under his imme - 

 the I eo , 1 ?^ ro ^* But ne hoped there was a feeling among 



meet tl S - — Mld he believed there w as—to come and 

 tenant , thin S as a matter of business— to join the 

 which \t g6t a reductio11 of those taxes and local rates 



time" i must have if th °y were t0 S° on in * ese 

 **ard t t0 meGt the tenanfc in a business-like way in 

 toliave fi 1 ? 13 '' IIe asked no favour for the tenant, but 

 come f rt " n ? s ^justed as pure business, and it must 



Mr. Beman, of Don- 

 nington, returned thanks. He agreed with Mr. Hay- 

 ward as to the desirability of growing Flax. He had 

 himself grown it, and he considered it would be remune- 

 rative, lie referred to the disadvantages encountered 

 in consequence of the lack of machinery in the vicinity 

 of the crop, and the benefits likely to accrue when this 

 want was supplied. He also named some parties who 

 he knew had grown large quantities. They were much 

 indebted to Mr. Brown, for the pains he had taken to 

 make known the advantages of its cultivation. '1 hey 

 were at a disadvantage in growing it upon the Cotswold 

 hills, from the population not being thick, and the lack 

 of ma c hiner y. The farmers in the neighbourhood of 







to avail themselves of such outlays as he had 

 ordinary tenants. As an occupier of land having a 

 commercial value he would in the same way, first of all, 



ascertain whether a otrtaifl pteet of land suited his 



purpose, forming his own est; mate of its value for 

 that purpose ; when he had taken it, while com- 

 plying with the terms of his lease, he considered 

 himself absolute master of it, so long as he 

 did not waste or spoil it. And he did not see why the 

 Rgrjcultond tenant should WA phot himself in tkiamr 

 position. But, as far as he had observed, no sooner 

 was a farm vacant than .50 or 100 applicants were 

 ready to take it, running a sort of race, and adopting 

 all sorts of expedients to obtain a priority, without 



regard to its value at all. As a matter of course he did 

 not proj i that the owners of agricultural land should 

 make their tenants absolute masters of the land, unless 

 they were men of capital, enterprise, and skill, and fit 

 to be trusted with full powers. He did not s why the 

 same principle which was applied to commercial trans- 

 actions should not be applied to agriculture. He could 

 fancy an intelligent foreigner who had come over hero 

 to study and report on the condition of agriculture 

 and manufactures, at some English seaport observing a 

 house in a dilapidated condition, contrasting most un- 

 favourably with those around it, asking how it came to 

 pass that such was the case ? He would be told that 

 the house was in Chancery. Proceeding with his 

 inquiries, he would find almost every farm house in so 



dilapidated a condition that he would conclude they also 

 were in Chancery. 



East Ccmbebland, Sept. 19.— The annusl meeting of this 

 Socie'y was held at Carlisle, this day. At the dinner, in the 

 course of the evening, Mr. P. H. Howaid, lf.I\ f referred to 

 the American reaping machine, as one of the products of that 

 Infeneltj foKterrd by such societies at he was then addressing; 

 and Mr J. Graham, who occupied ihe chair, spoke on the same 

 s ject as follows :— •• In point of numbers, the exhibition, 

 . — — - — - ~. couijarpd with previout ihows, was deficient ; but what waa 



Leeds and other large towns where coal and machinery wanting in quantify was more than counterbalanced by the 

 were on the spot, would of course have an advantage j ,u P crior <{**"' J ot the.tock dispiajed. These remarks apply 



nvpr thpm Nnhvitl^fan.linrr «u«« A l li i i mMe P art 'cu«arly to the hre a*>ck. Id some of the other 



over them. JNotwithstanding these drawbacks lie be- departments we did not find that eitent or variety we hare 



heved it would be remunerative. It by growing a been accustomed to see. The implements comprised tome 

 million acres of Flax instead of a million acres of corn hateresting * nd n0Vvl specimens of ingenuity, the invention 



they could obviate the necessity of importing 8,000,000/. Z^^^i^St'SSSLVS ?%££&& 



worth ot irlax, Linseed, and oilcake, it would he a great claimed more or less attention* according to their respective 



advance to them. He doubted not it the farmers ,neritl1 - Wbnt and foremost came the simple and effective 



American reaping machine. There was a large show ^of 

 cap tal ploughs, Young and Co.'s anti- metallic churn and lever 

 chee>-e-pref»s. iron corn-iick stands, &c. &c. Mr. Howard has 

 alluded to the reaping machine, which, I dare say, most of 

 you saw in operation on Wednes ay. Among the many 

 advantages to be derived from the Great Exhibition, I know 

 none \hat will contribute more to general improvement in 

 every branch of agriculture than tbe display of these new and 

 improved implement. From what I saw yesterday, I should 



prosecuted the cultivation, machinery would speedily he 

 found to convert the crop into the proper material for 

 the manufacturer. — \V. P. Price, Esq., next gave 

 "Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce;' They 

 were pursuits between which a most intimate relation 

 always would sul st. He hardly knew what right he 

 could claim to address a meeting like the present, he 

 being only a small owner and occupier of land ; but 

 he had not spent his life in the country, making his 

 own observations upon what was passing around him, 



say that the reaping machine is susceptible of improvement, 

 and yet is undoubtedly an instrument of great promise. I 

 doubt not that the present threshing machine was subject to 

 as much adverse comment when first introduced, and yet see 



true it was made on 



^main^i *?* ** * n y remn »"t ot tne leuual times 

 he^v.!! , / ree ' tra(le had sent it to the four winds of 



there was an end of it. 



without having learned to take great interest and form ; ^ot^e'o^'.he SSfSk for U Terj re..o„ I *** 



Ins own impressions concerning the condition of agri- | | c u entitled to especial attention in England. I tbink that 



culture at the present day. He was sorry to be obliged ' ' 



to confess his opinion, and he spoke from his own 

 experience as a farmer m a small scale, and als» 

 from his observation of others, that the profession 

 of agriculture was not so profitable as other pursuits 

 to which men in this country devote their lives. It 

 was verv much to be regretted that this was the case 

 because he thought the interests of the eountrv r uired 



' 'He 



be an 'r, u . lt,rc ; "" an dd of it. Although there might 

 c f thi= „ thc feudal system, he hoped the aristocracy 



c °untry would all hold the position to which they 



that it should be fairly and decently remunerative 

 believed there would be very little difference of opinion 

 that agriculture was not reasonably remunerative at the 

 present time, although there might be great difference* 

 of opinion as to the causes to which this depression wi 

 attributable. He believed it was due to a great many 



the eiperiment of yesterday was a very terete trial to the 

 machine. In the first place, the crop upon which the cutter 

 was employed was not such a crop as wouM le*d me to suppose 



hat the A*iicultural Society of East Cumberland had d* ne 

 all f«>r the heneht of the agriculture of the neighbourhood. In. 

 the first place it was n- 1 one of the cleanest of cr. p*— it was- 

 certainly not <ine of the ri hest of crops— ami judging Area the 

 appear uce of the soil it struck me that it was very much *r- 

 hausted. If we lo< k at it as ethibited in the second held, we 



nd it operating upi«n ground in s'ill worse condition than the 

 other, from recent alterations. It was full of stones and old 

 hedges wh< se roots had not been eradicated. This was the land 

 set aside up >n which to teat the power of the machine, but at'er 

 all its wnkiiig was not un*atiifactcry. I think there are im- 

 perfec Ions in that machine, and no doubt the skill of the 



nglish, their knowledge of mechanical science, and never- 

 failing industry in imj ving every invention, whether native 



or foreign, wili overcome 'hose difficulties. I thick upon the 





