

. 







44 



1851.1 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



lis 



tixt Qatiretteitf' Chronicle* 



SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 1851. 



ME1.TIM.S KOK THE EN8U19Q WEEK. 

 *oidat, Wot. 3-En»omolo«iC«! . S p.m. 



T'. J »tD4i # — ^f Horticultural JM. 



-fc» I Li* 'HIP ft D ••• ••■••i»«a*«ia**»»i».0 F. If • 



**idat. — f— Botanical 8 m. 



OAT, 



and most valuable 



m *-hr art of charcoal burnino is, perhaps, of less 

 ™portance in this country than it is in those which 

 are not go amply provided with mineral fuel ; but 

 **en here, it is a matter well deserving of attention, 

 *>t merely in relation to the manufacture of charcoal 

 <* specific purposes, such as the making of gun- 

 powder, but taken in a more extended sense, as a 

 jfceana of obtaining a powerful 

 mc!* making common wood-charcoal, various 



odes are adopted in different countries, and the 

 Factical method employed differs considerably, 

 r^S" theoretically the same object is effected In 

 •*"• The wood, for the most part the thinnings of 

 P antations, badly grown trees, and branches, is cut 

 • ° "ilJeta of a convenient form, and either stacked 

 a heap and covered with clay or sods before 



FRUIT TUBE* 



TH<>M\S RIVERS hegs to submit to the Public a 

 ay UP81S of his PHi If TKKB CULTUR 1 he 



mm at rsrieties, *ih descri^tiosi and pice*, are given in 



Cata'ogM of Fruits, ju*t published, sent po* 

 for *is postage .mps. 



^ppLES. — Standards for Orchards, and Pyramid* and 

 iPtffi, on Crab S oeks ; Pjramid* and Dwarfs, and Dwarfs 

 Tjjjaf-f * r Gardens, on 1* ra< e Stocks 



APRICOTS.— Dicarf*, Dwir ; Trai» e«1, Sandards, Standards 

 Trained. ind Dwarf Rushes in pots for culture under ala-s. 



CflBRRl**-— Sund:irda *** Orchards, Dwarfs, s>od Dwarfs 

 XraiAed on the common wild Cherry Stock, Dwarti tor Bushes 

 or for po injf f>>r culture uuder glass. Dwarfs in pots, and 

 ptrs''* trained on the Cerasus Ifahaleh stock. 



CURRANT Bu^baa and Pyramids. 



f I -iS.— Dwarf Bush** in a bean tig state, in pots. 



0OOSBBE.KRIK>. — Buvhea, 8a larg* Lancashire varieties, 

 40 UDall high-fl ivoured d o. 



ORaPE s .— Vine*, from eyes, in rots, for Vinerie* and Hot- 

 4jijQ»e-, fine and well ripened underplays; DU'o laidykndt 

 fat walls, also from eyes growing in the open quarters ; p'ants 

 ^ae, 7 to 8 feet in height; Dwaif Buhhes, iu pots, for future 

 fe or hard h oases. 



MEDLARS —Mandard*. Dwarf*, and Pvramils. 



KECTARIXES AND PEACHES -Dwarfs, Dwarfs trained, 

 gtandards, Standards trained, aud Dwarf Bushes in poU iu a 

 fcetrinff state, for culnire undt r glass. 



fUT* AND FILBERTS— Dwaifc and Standards for garden 

 culture, grafted on the Spanish Hazel Nut. These form rerv 

 Dfoiific trees. 



PB $.— Standards fur Orchards,- Pjrnmidf, Dwarfs, and 

 Dwarfs trained on Pear stocks ; Pyramids from one to *ix 



ysert old, If. 6d. to Si. 64. and 5j. each ; the tin latter de- 

 scriptions capsb e of besuing a gooii crop the fli t summer 

 after pi antiog. Dwarf bushes for po tin* and Dwarn traiued 

 |pr espaliers or walls on Quince stocks. Many acre* ate 

 4s y €* , i eiclu*ively to the culture of Pear-*. 



PLUMS —Standard* f<*r Orchards, Standard* trained, Pjra- 

 midi, Dwarfs and Dwarfs traiued for espaliers or walls. The 



rsmlds are ni- irlj all in a hearing state, so as to be able to 

 flte fruit the first summer after planting. Dwarf Bushes in a 

 leering state, and Dwarf Hushes in pots for culture under 

 fsse. 



QQIVCE*.— 8 andards of the common, and Pyramids of the 

 lsr k »e P- rtugal Qiiuce, the finest and most abuudaut bearer, 

 eeea wh*n y->ung t ol all the Quinces. 



BASPBKKHI - —Canes of all the select varieties. 



8TR A WBSKIUKS.— Pleats of all the vaiieucs worthy of 

 Ca'tiration. 



MULBERRIES.— Standards and Dwarfs. Some fine Stand- 

 ards caa be supplied 35 to 40 years old These are 6 to 7 feet 

 feign, perfectly straight, and measure from 8 to ltJ inches in 

 th, 5 feet from the ground. The} have all been removed 

 within three years, and will transplant wi h safety. 



In connexion wi»h froit- tree culture, the following works can 

 besn pied:— THE MINIATURE FRUIT OAUDKN ; or, the 

 Cu tne of Pjmaasiai Fruit Trees. Fourth edition. Sent free 

 !*r p *r, for 2t postage st-imps. THE ORCHARD IIO! B; 

 or, the Curare ».f Pruit Trees in Pots under Glass. By Taos. 

 Jbrias. Per post, for 30 postage stamps. 

 SawbridgewoTib, Herts, Nov. 1. 



bnTOOTl/OWgR HOOT ~ 



"DENDLES LIST OF DUTCH BULBS will be 



-*■*' found in the columns of this Paper, front page, la the 

 number for September 27. 1-51. The prices are very low. 

 rescHptire Catalogues en application to VVilliam E. Rewdlb, 

 florist t«» her Majesty, Plymouth. 



77ic Hyacinth* arc particularly large and handsome. 

 Most excelUnt kinds c an be had at 6s. per dozen. 



ST A N DISH and NOBLE'S detailed Advertisement 

 will appear in thi* Paper on tne first Saturday in every 



Mouth to which thev invite the attention of all interested in 

 HAU.DY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. Their descriptive Cata- 

 logue, with the ti se on the ''Cultivation of American 

 Plants," can still he hud by enclosing six stamps for i tage. 



Gentleman requiring the services of a Landscape Gardt r 

 Ciu procure sich oy applying u> the Advertisers. 



Bagshot, Surrey, Nov 1. 



OUPERB HOLLYHOCK SEED. — Well ripened 



*^ Se-d, W«rr safari to be saved exclusively from Ro^eagrandi 

 flora, Delicnta, «'ome% Model of Perfec:ion # Elegant, Formosa, 

 Geai, BelU'lonna. Biolor, Qieen, Fireball, Aurantia, Ro^ea 

 alba., and - i phurea perfe ta. A good mixure o* the abov<-, in 

 packets, cou twining 200 8eeds f will he forwarded, post free, 

 npon the receipt of 2s. Gd. worth of postage stamps, by E. B. 

 Bixcfiam, Hedenbam P.o-arv. Bur ay, Suffolk. 



PDWAUD DLNViil^NoBSaftYMAN, Loughborough 



•*- ^ Koad. Brixton near London, intorms his kind pat*«ois 

 that his r ROSE AM) FRUIT CATALOGUE p-« I85J 



awp 1?52 is now ready for circulation, and will be i it o' 



reeiifC of a t wopenn , stamp. Mis Stork of Roses. Frui I rees, 

 Evergreen -hruhs, and Ornamental Trees, are of the nnest 

 growth, of all s?z ^.—Gardens and Pleasure Grounds tastelully 

 ^, rra n'ed on the lowest terms. 



E. IX Informs his friends that he has no Seed 8hop in London. 



Ml 



air is admitted to .bum the 



ii 



b 



t 



given off, whilst care is taken not to let in enough 

 to burn the charcoal iUelf. As soon as the wttri 



co— ao 





to give out iui! .inmable vapoury that ia tt 

 as soon as it ceases to bum i th a bright 



thus ol 



ii i of in< . 



which it 



. til 



bums w h 



c • ni a \ 



; a 



J; 



j i 



• ! 



con s 



leav 



of 



me, all ace oi air 

 coal is suffered to cool. 



Id 



If ahut off, and the char- 

 fact, the same kin 

 of process is adopted in making charcoal as is used 

 in charring coal, or making coke. 



All forms of vegetable matter contain a large 

 proportion of carbon, and are, therefore, more or 

 less available as fuel ; but some are naturally far 

 more valuable than others. The close, dense pai 

 of plants, such as wood, afford far better cfcarco.il 

 than leaves, or even tu gs ; this depends on two 

 circumstances, namely, the small quantity of in- 



matter which 



diafcult/, and 

 very high per ceutage of as A grea 

 of combustible ma r is loat uriDg the p 

 and the result is a very inferior k 1 t ,f fual. 



r- 



f 



i a 



deal 



wood 



with which 

 burnt. 



contains, 



and 



b 



In 



the 



tliUS 



of 



may 

 consequence 



mass of leaves or 



to char it, and 



partial combustion, 



the combustible 



organic 



superior facility 

 barred, or partially 

 the spongy open nature of a 

 tvi the heat requisite 



the air necessary for its 

 would not only drive off 

 matter, and so char it, but also, at the s& 

 time, would cause the complete combustion il», 

 charcoal then formed. T\ . brushwood, and even 

 Heather, nuke capital fuel, for they obtain abund- 

 ance of combustible matter, and "are easily dried 

 when made up into fa ots ; but it is > ry difficult 



o convert th« m economn -into charcoal. Amongst 



the inventions shown in the Great Exhibition, was 

 a process for obtaining charcoal fi :nt\* ;s f Wt Is, 

 and all sorts of refi » vegetable matter, t ally 



dt signed as a means of preventii the waste of fue 

 wl i occurs in thinning plantatie. and dealing 

 out the underwood of foresta. Tl 



M. Popr 



rooeeii 



hat the ii . so obtained may be used'for par- 



ular purposes, and can be burnt i;. i at. for 



which the raw material is wholly useless ; and is 



therefore, quit {>ossible that in'so»ie situa m* the 



rocess may be i itageously v p but it is 



ardly probable that such \ uld be the case in thit 



coun -. If brushwood and Heather f 



no use, tin a n doubt aay mode of c sen 

 into fuel, however bad or inferior, w ! 1 

 but as they form a ve;y useful 



certainly d»ts not appear wort 



half of them, in order to con\ 



bad charcoal. 



■ 

 ■ 



8 of 



mm 



f \alue; 



fuel themselves, it 

 vthile to burn onc- 

 the re*' into vt- 



diff. 



by 



the great medal 



is process, devised 

 Ducarre, has been honoured th 

 ; and it is therefore reasonable to 

 tuppose, that it is not only new but also good. 



The mode of converting waste vegetable matter 

 into solid charcoal, exhibited by Popelin Ducarre, 

 con 9 of two distinct operations— one, by means 

 of which it is chan I and converted into charcoal 

 powder ; and a second, by which the j ier thus 

 obtained is formed into solid lamps or blocks, T e 

 process of carbonisation is carried on in an ordinary 

 stifle oven or kiln, a good deal resembling a lime- 

 kiln in form and arrangement, the whole being regu 

 lated and governed by suitable dampers above and 

 ash-pit doors below ; so that the access of air can be 

 diminished or altogether cut off at pleasure. This 

 part of the process is by no means new ; the only 

 feature of novelty about it is, that tie oven is entirely 

 made of iron, and is portable so that it may be car- 

 ried about from place to place ; hence, instead of 

 bringing the refuse brushwood to the oven, the latter 

 is carried into the midst of the forest, and is in fact 

 brought to the brushwood. 



It is < v i hvult to discover u a what prtt- 



pl" th< < in 1 of Chauni n awarded a L 



lal for this n ass, which is n< i he: remarks 



newnorren ikablygood. It mif. t have met ed a 



pris medal, though < m that would have elevate d 



it into an idue y n, m no i the other 



rent tabids of artifici.nl fuel Wv I aoeive 



any medsJ whate r. We can only suppose that 



selecting it for the award of t great medal was a 

 piece of good natme, in nd< 1 as a mplin ) a 



foreign exhibitor who had sent a pr< model 

 Though this process cannot be recommei ed,at 



a mode of making fuel, yet there is one part of it 



which may | rhsf(t be worthy of alt , with i 



different object ; and that is, the portable iron ov 

 which n haps be advantageously used for 



burning weeds. In the ordinal y mode of bin 

 weed netrly the whole of the combustible matter 

 is lost, and little but ashes are left ; mig * b 

 worth while to try and save some p f the char 

 coal; and this might easily be done by the use of 



och an ov( n : tl re is no doubt wl hat 



whilst the weeds, &c, would be as perfectly de- 

 sire ed as in the ord ary mode of burning "them, 



he value of the ashes as manure \ uld be consider* 

 ably hicn 4 by t > cha oal which would that 

 remain mix ip with them. 



The oven itself s pre- 

 cisely similar to those commonly used for charring 

 peat, Heather, &c. The second process requires a 

 good deal of machinery; in the first place the char- 

 coal is reduced to powder by a kind of mill ; it is 

 then kneaded into a stiff paste, with a suitable 

 quantity of tar ; next pressed into moulds, by a kind 

 of engine somewhat like a drain-tile machine; and, j the Secretary of the 



the 



Oua readers know that we have alwaj stood 

 loof from the disputes in which our florist friends 



ire rather cj lebrated for indulging. We have never 



permitted our columns to 1 come a v« hide for their 

 learned arguments, which are general 1} ol no use t« 

 any but the owft ; and we have not the smallest 

 utention of departing from what we believe is pretty 



generally regard 1 ;. t wholesome rule. Hut having 

 lately devoted a portion of this paper to discussing 

 flori »' questions, the quarrels aforesaid being ex- 

 cluded, we are in a manner constrained to notice 

 proceedings of a little metropolitan coter re- 

 joicing in the modest name of the Amateur Tulip 



Society. 



lastly, the cylindrical masses thus formed and 

 strongly heated in an oven, enclosed in iron druma 

 or canisters. By this last operation the bituminous 

 matter is entirely driven off, but at the same time 

 the charcoal powder is cemented ether, and the 

 cylindrical pieces, when they are taken out of the 

 iron di ms, are hard, and very like pieces of common 

 wood-charcoal in appearance. The machinery em 

 ployed for these different operations is ingenious, 

 though somewhat too cumbrous, and probably not 

 so simple as might be devised for the purpose. As 

 regards the principle, however, there is little or no 

 novelty, for it has formed the subject of a number 

 of patents during the last fifty years, and, modified 

 in different ways, it is the basis of at least a d< ^n 

 of our best artificial fuels. There does not appear, 

 then, to be any novelty either in the mode of car- 

 bonising the vegetable refuse, or in the process for 

 forming the charcoal powder into solid lumps. 



15 ut there is another point to be considered, in 

 examining the practical value of this process ; and 

 that is, the quality of the fuel thus produced. It is 

 well known, that Heather and dried weeds, bound 

 into faggot make a very serviceable fuel for some 

 purposes, one which gives a strong but not a lasting 

 lire, well adapted for the brick-kiln, and similar 



It is well known that the gentleman who is 

 at present char/ 1 with t \ Floiicuhural depart- 

 ment of this Taper is Mr. Edwai s, of Hoiloway, 



National FJoricultural Society, 

 highest honour and character, 



a gentleman of the 



land, till lately, a member of the Amateur Tulip 

 I Society. On the 28th of lay. Mr. KdwaudI showed, 



before the 1 ii Booth London Floriculturai 

 -ciety, a certain Tulip called Pilot; and on the 



29th of May the same variety before the Amateur 



Tulip Society, when he took their first prize. Shortly 



afterwards the Secretary of the last £ iety apprised 



Mr. Towards th he was charged by somebody 

 with having exhibited as of his own growth a u Pilot * 

 which he d not grow ; and further that two 

 ** t ntlemen of unquestionable authority " were of 

 opinion that the very Pilot referred to had been in 

 fact shown the day before by Mr. Turner, of Slough. 

 There^ n ensued a long correspondence, which we 

 have taken the trouble to read, between Mr. 



»wards and Mr. Secretary, the upshot of which 



was that a Mr. Claiik having ha I a private look 

 at Mr. Edwards's Tulip bed. and not 



having 



den 



that 



Tulip 

 there the Pilot in question, was of opinion 

 Mr. Edwards must have borrowed it of 

 omebedy else. As I r " the two gentlemen of 

 unquestionable authority M they did not show them- 

 selves: in other words, they skulked off. Mr. 

 Edwards, in reply, gave ample proof that he had 

 grown the Pilot and might have exhibited it ; he 



pei at ions; it is obvious, that in converting uch j atserted, and offered to declare upon oath, that he did 

 natters into charcoal, a groat deal of h t must be 

 lost, because all the volatile and combustible part 



Prided with suitable damp 



W «Cted is fn rfr^o ^# iJ 



n £ ; or else it is burnt in a sort of kiln or oven, 



_ ers. The object to be 



fcait* 1S ' t0 ( * ,ive off 1 ^ e " w * 10 k #f tlie vo k lt il e 

 heat .7 * w "i c k the wood contains, by the action of 



i for this purpose it is set fire to, and just enough 



of the fuel is driven off and wasted, in the process of 

 oharrii it. Now twigs, weeds, and leaves contain, 

 even in their natural state, a large quantity of inor- 

 ganic matter; and, as in the operation of carbonising 

 them, a considerable part of the combustible matter 

 is driven off, whilst all the inorganic matter is left 



exhibit what he had grown ; and he produced the 

 evidence of Mr. Turner, of Slough, that the Pilot 

 of the latter was never in Mr. F r>w a rds's possession. 



Notwithstanding this, which would have been 

 enough to clear a man in any court of justice in 

 the world, the Amateur Tulip Society declare 

 Mr. Edwards's replies to be unsatisfactory, and, in 

 their wisdom, call a special meeting, at which, as will 



it necessarily happens that the charcoal powder 1 be seen by referring to p. G47, their absurd proceed* 



