





44 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTK 







o 







lKKUVlAN Gl'ANO. 



CAUTION TO AGRICULTURISTS. 

 It being notorious that extensive adulterations of this 

 llAVURE are still carried on, 



ANTONY GIBBS AVD BON8, AS TUB 

 ONLY IMPORTERS OF PERUVIAN GUANO, 

 iderit to be their duty to the Peruvian Government and 

 to the Public again to recommend Farmers and all others who 

 bo? to be carefullj on their guard. 



The character ol the parties from whom they purchase will 

 of coarse be the best aeenritr. and in addition to particular 

 mention to that point, ANTONY GIBBS AMD SONS think it 

 well to remind buyers that — 



The lowest wholesale price at which sound Peruvian 

 Ouano has been sold by them during the last two years 

 is 91 5*. per ton, less 2£ per cent. 



Any resales made by dealers at a lower price must therefore 

 tither leave a loss to them, or the article must be adulterated. 



ryHE LONDON MANURE COMPANY be- to 



A off r PERUVIAN GUANO, warranted perfectly genuine ; 

 Soparphosphate of Lime, Wheat Manure, Concentrated Urate 

 Irish Peat Charcoal, Gypsum, Nitrate of Soda, and every arti- 

 ficial Manure, on the best terms. Also a constant supply of 

 Salt for Agricultural purposes, at a low rate. English and 

 Foreign Linseed Cake, Rape Cake, &c. 



Edwaed Pcassa, Secretary , Hridge.*treet, Blackfriars. 



MANURES.— The following Manures are manu- 

 factured at Mr. Lawes's Factory, Deptford Creek : 



Clover Manure, per ton £11 o 



Turnip M inure, do 7 n 



Superphosphate of Lime 7 



Sulphuric Acid and Coprolites 5 



Office, 69, King William -street, City, London. 

 N.B. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 16 per cent, of 

 Ammonia, 91. 10s. per ton ; and for 5 tons or more, K. 5s. per 

 ton, in dock. Sulphate of Ammonia, &c. 



SMITHFIELD CLUB, 1851.— CHRISTMAS FAT 

 CATTLE SHOW.-Prize Sheets and Hiank printed Forms 

 of Certificates may now be obtained, on application to the 

 Honorary Secretary. 



The last day for receiving Entries ii 8 AT UK DAT. mi 15td 

 HOTBMBBR, 1851. ' 



The Anniversary Dinner of the Club will take place at the 

 Freemasons' Tavern on the Wednesday of the fehow Week, 

 Instead of the Friday, as heretofore. 



B. T. Hrandreth Gibbs, Hon. Sec, 

 Corner of Half Moon- street, P1no*flillv. London. 



THE BIRMINGHAM CATTLE SHOW. _ 



J- Closing of Entries.— The CERTIFICATES of ENTRY 

 for CATTLE, SHEEP. PIGS, and POULTRY, may be hsd on 

 application to Mr. E. LATUBoax, No. 2, Insurance Buildings, 

 Union-pas«age, Birmingham. The Entries CLOSE on Satur- 

 day, the 15th of November. 



WHEAT FOR SEED, KESSINGLAND and 



f J GIANT RED. two of the most productive varieties, at 

 M. €d per bushel. New -acks, Is. 6ti. each. Grown by James 

 Fairhead, Seed Grower, near Braintree. Essex. Delivered by 

 Quarter to any Station on Eastern Counties Railway, carriage 

 paid. PosUom ce orders expected from unknown correspondent*. 



T^AKER'S PHEASANTRY, Beaufort-street, KingV 



£-* road, Chelsea, by special appointment to her Majesty and 

 H. R. H. Prince Aloert.— ORNAMENTAL WATER FOWL, 

 consisting of black and white swans, Egyptian, Canada, China, 

 barnacle, brent, and laughing geese, shieldrskes, pintail, 

 widgeon, summer and winter teal, gadwall, Labrador, 

 •hovellers, gold-eyed and dun divers, Carolina ducks. <bc. 

 domesticated and pinioned ; also Spanish, Cochin China, 

 Malay, Poland, Surrey, and Dorking fowls ; white, Japan, pied 

 and common pea-fowl, and pure China pigs; and at 8, Half- 

 moon- "Bare. Grar.erhiirr»h_Rtr»of X.nnAnn 



'THE KiiVAL EXHIBITION.— A valuable, newlv 



-* invented, very small, powrrful WaUtcoat-poekat tilas.,tha 

 tise of a >> alnut, to discern nvnute object* at a distance of 

 from i.viir -to five miles, which is found to be invaluable for 

 YACHTING, and to SPORTSMEN, GENTLEMEN, and 

 GAMEKEEPERS. TELESCOPE8.-A new and most impor- 

 tant IN VENTIcN in TELESCOPES, po.sea.ing such extra- 

 ordinary powers, that some, S} inches, with an extra eje-piece, 

 will show distinctly Jupiter's moons, Saturn's ring, and the 

 double stars. They supersede everv other kind, and are of all 

 sizes— for the Wai.tcoat-pocket, -booting, Miiit.ry purposea, 

 <fcc. Opra and liace- course Glasses, with wonderful power « 

 a minute object can be clearly seen, from 10 to 12 miles distant. 

 —Invaluable newly-invented preserving Spectacles, in* lble 

 and all kinds of acoustic instruments for relief of eitreae 

 deafness. Messrs. S. and B. Solomows, Opticians and Aurittt, 

 39, Albemarle-street, Piccadilly, opposite the Vurk Hotel, 

 London. 



697 



T^HE NEW Y Alii -COLOURED DIAMOND 



-a- GRAVEL— Specimens of this beautiful and novel im- 

 portation, suitable for Garden Walk*, Pleasure-grounds 



Public Promenades, die. &c , sre now on view, and samples 

 may be seen, and orders received, at the office of the HWHy 

 Aews and Chronicle, S37, Strand. This Gravel contains the 

 following valuable properties, independent of its extreme beaut \ . 

 It prevents the growth of weeds or grass, and in the wettest 

 weather will not soil the foot. It is perfectly free from all 

 clajej matter, and beautifully variegated in colour, never binds, 

 and will keep the auiface for double the time of any « the 

 end one-fourth of the compliment required of the c »mmon 

 gravel will suffice. The advertiser feels saisfed that « 

 the beauty, durability, and cheapness of the New Vari-Coloured 

 Diamond Gravel is known, that no pleasure-ground or garden 

 will be without it. Orders received for not lata than three tons. 



r cold. A n air check the pei spin* ous of the 

 kin. while a dry one promotes (hem ; and in the 

 1 u r case robs more ntiidly of th< latent heat, and 

 the air then feels cool, though comparatively warm. 



In a former Number we point i out that there 

 was a remarkable agreerm t between the mean 

 minimum temperature in the shade and the 

 dew-point of the vapour of water in the atmosphere. 

 It rnu* then, be ol ious that the force of e?apor»- 

 tioa must depend, in a great measure, upon the 

 of the thermometer through the day. Thus a niean 

 temperature of a summer-day, at Gu° f would have a 

 much leas evaporating force composed of 

 54° as extremes, than of 80° and 40° ; the one would 



mean 



AIM TRRATION OF FOOD. 



ITENRY BAKEK, Oiwian, <% Hatton Garden, 



* * London, begs to call attention to h* ACHROMATIC 

 MICUOs' ni'ES (warranted good) which wil be tachangrd if 

 not appr.\ed of. These Instruments will define tl.e circulation 

 of the Blood in the Frog's Foot, the Saw in the Sting of the 

 Wasp, the Comb in the Spider's Foot, the beautiful form and 

 varieties of Pollen in Flowers and ibeir Struct* the Scale, 



of the ButterfiVi Wing, and also in many instances Adultera- 

 tion of Fo d. It is a very Interesting companion, and will pass 

 nwajr usefully mnuy a leisure hour, tho fund f t observation 

 being iiicihauetible. [Vice for No. 1, at 12s. ; No. 2, SI 15s 

 No. 3, 91. 10s. A descriptive Hook. Sfnt post frte t or. receiptor 



three postage stamps. Prepared objects, iff.; injected do., 

 30*. per dozen. 



EXHIBITION PRIZE— HYBRID WHBaT 



]\ J K. KAYM3IKD begs to offer to A-riculfcBiaU 



Wl new vaiiety of WIIEA f, a Hybrid between the Fij r's 

 Thickset and the Hopetoun, at 10*. per bu»hel, including 

 delivery to the Bury 8t. imund> Btation. — Address, Mr. R 

 Katnbibd, Hengrare, ttury 8t. Edmund'r. Suffo k. 



evaporate .07 inch of water, and the other .25 inch 

 The composition of the mean temperature of any 

 country becomea a most important element in many 

 respects. It b I peculiarity of temperate la: udes 

 that the thermometer differ* much more in daily 

 range than it does within the topics. This, at 



formerly ihov. .1, is evidently owing to the great 



amount of 1 lure which exist* in the air near the 



equ^tor, a I thii seems to be the chief eh t in 

 tempering the force of solar and tern iJ radial n. 

 In >me of the south n states of North America the 

 dii renoa between the da . I night t lpnature 

 is greater in wii r \n hen the air contain! lets mois- 

 ture, than in summer when th«rv is ro< ■ Hut 



this is reversed in our latitu e, because the sun lias 



little power in Winter; hereas, in summer, a 

 powerful sun, with a compai a lively small amount 

 of moisture in the atmosphere, give us a v de range 

 of the thermometer. 



We see that Lord Wiiarm n uFR.in an able paper 

 on drainage, in the last number of the M Royal 



oftl 



has 



■'% 





done, however, on 



pUNDVS PATENT PRIZE STOVE.- W. Hodges, 



V-/ 123, Oxford- street (late J. E. Dowson), is the sole manu- 

 facturer of CI VDY'S patent open fire-place, pure warm air 

 ventilating STOVE, which has been so long tested and approved 

 by the public, and for which he received the large Silver Medal 

 from the Society of Arts. It is admirably adapted for warming 

 and ventilating churches, schoolrooms, and other public 

 places, halls, dining-rooms, Ac, dsc. Also Condt's Patent 

 Dioko-Capnon or smoke-expelling register Grate, a perfect cure 

 for smoky chimneys; together with a large assortment ot 

 Marble Chimney-Pieces, Drawing-room and other Grates, 

 Fenders, Fire-irons, and Kitchen Ranges of the most improved 

 principle, Wind -guards. <fcc. 



WARMING AND VENTILATING. 



T) and E. BAILEY, 272, Holborn, having had many 



-*--'• years' experience in warming buildings by Hot Water, 

 continue to erect Hot Water Apparatus on the most approved 

 principles.for Mansions, Warehouses, Conservatories, and other 

 iiorttcultural Buildings, and they beg to introduce to the 

 public a BOILER of their invention, which has been used with 

 S e ? C 8 1 ! J cce89 » and has this season been put up in th« gardens 

 01 the Horticultural Society, Chiswick, and is noticed and com- 

 mended in the Gardeners' Chronicle of Saturday, Sept. 20, 1831, 

 page 598. Dr. Arnott's Ventilating Valves, upon the best 

 construction, fc many having been made under the kind superin- 



. ^ « ce of Dr ' Arnott himself. Also a very complete, cheap 

 *nu efficient Portable Cooking Apparatus or Cottagers' Stove.' 



CTEPHENSON and Co., 61, Gracechurch-street, 



London, and 17, New Park-street, Southwark, Inventor* 



rVrt«r n 1 ufactureriof the Improved CONICAL and DOUBLE 

 VTLIN . DUICAL BOILERS, respectfully solicit the attention of 

 scieminc Horticulturists to their much Improved method of 

 ■Pplying the Tank System to Pineries, Propagating Houses, 

 *c, by which atmospheric heat as well as bottom heat is 

 secured to any required degree, without the aid of pipes or flues. 



to a £• have a,so to state that at the "quest of numerous 

 inenas they are now making their Boilers of Iron, as well as 



popper, by which the cost is reduced. These Boilers, which 





thV ' a * we as referen ces of the highest authority • or 



oev may b e seen at most of the Nobility's seats and principal 

 nurseries throughout the Kingdom. 



17 W and D ° beg to inform the Trade that at their Manufactorv. 

 of ft J p ark-s'reet, every article required forfbe construction 

 'horticultural Buildings, as well as for heating them, may 

 f ? Dta,ner * upon the most advantageous terms. 



or^°, Serva ^ ri€8 ' &c > of Iron or Wood » erected on the most 

 Pen«T en «* 1 de * i * n »- Balconies, Palisading, Field and Garden 

 JlgHggtJj ^work. & c. 



TOXDON to DUBLIN Mi HOLYHEAD) in 



THIRTEEN HOURS and a HALF. 

 1 nree communications daily on week days ; two on Sundays. 



R i? J?*i e ur FIours and a Half - Fir8t c,asi » Zl - * 8 e con d. 2*. 

 aer!I« r ? Vt t8 (aTal,able for af.rtnight), first class, 41. 10s.: 

 •wond. il Children under twelve, half-price. 



Site agrfculttttal &mtt*. 



SATURDAY, NOVIMBKR l f lsr.i. 



MEETINGS FOU THE TWO FuLLOWIKO V 1 KK8. 

 Tbuuidai, Nov. 6-4»Ti.»ult«iral Iwp.^oc.of Irr »nd. 



Tbohdai. — 13 -Ajrr4culturalliii|i.Soc. of Ireland. 



Lierio has itaUd in his chemical letters, that 

 "water evaporates incessantly from the surface of 

 the youn^ plant ; its quantity is in direct proportion 

 to the temperature and exttnt of the surface." This, 

 like many of his other statements, requires to he 

 considerably qualified, inasmuch as temperature is 

 merely one element. Heat ii no doubt the prime 

 agent in the vaporisation of water, but the quantity 

 is regulated by other forces. The amount of mois- 

 ture which exists in the atmosphere exerts another 

 force, and lessens th J quantity of water which might 

 be evaporated with a given temperature* Water at 

 the temperature of 80° would give vapour very 

 rapidly from its surface, if its constituent tempera- 

 ture in the atmosphere only existed at 30°. But if 

 the dew point was to rise to 80°, no further evapora- 

 tion could take place, because the pressure exerted 

 by this density of vapour prevents any increase of 

 tension without an increase of temperature. The 

 principle in some measure holds in the atmo- 

 sphere as in the boiler of the high pressure steam 

 engine, where the boiling point of the water is regu- 

 lated by the tension of the accumulated steam. 



In what form, then, can we express most approxi- 

 mately the evaporative powers of the atmosphere, so 

 that this force may be more readily fixed in our 

 mind, and so far be of use in enabling us to have 

 some conception of its effects on vegetation and the 

 earth ? The fundamental conditions which regulate 

 the force of evaporation, other things being equal, 

 is the temperature of the air and the amount of 

 moisture which it may already have in mechanical 

 mixture. The difference between the constituent 



thermoniet* r as an index of the amount of 

 evaporation. This can only be 

 the supposition that the minimum temperature 



eon* Is pretty closely with the dew-point of 



the vapow. Hy the bye we think ho has made 

 a m< unfortunate selection of two st ns to 



Hid as the same error is 



'ortunity of 





illustrate this principle; 



very often committed, we take this 



pointing it out. Th« liHVi. nee betw. < n the annual 



temperature and the summer temperature at Bedford 



andat Derby is0.7°C)and8.: (!)r< .ectively. Now 



we have no hesitation in saying that this difference 

 principally arises from compai ing observations which 

 have been made under totally different schemes. 

 If this very common practice is not carefully guarded 

 against, one will be very apt f<> write a eater 

 iraount of heat or cold, as you go north or south, or 

 in any direction whatever. The very l>est obeerva- 

 tions that can be got give but a very uric tain 

 sound, which should make us rather fastidious of 

 the materials which we select. 



We are inclined to think that mere mean tem- 

 peratures are of much less use as a l>asis for ascer- 

 taining the agricultural capabilities of any country 

 than is usually imagined, lor example, take the 

 case of 'Jreat Britain; the eastern counties of 

 England are very opposite in their effects on vege- 

 tation from the western, although their mean 

 summer temperatures are almost equal, as well as 

 where the amount of rain does not differ very 

 materially in spring and summer. It is not in 

 these elements that we are to look for their 

 characteristics. The climate of ist Lothian is 

 much superior for ripening the Cereals to many 

 districts in the west of England and Ireland, still 

 the summer temperature is much less. Again, 

 owing to a combination of circumstances, welch 

 will be afterwards detailed, Morayshire contains one 

 of the finest Wheat and Barley districts in Britain, 

 but its summer tempc lature, we have every reason 

 to believe, is lower than in many other parts of 

 Scotland, which are much inferior in corn- pwing 



The mean summer temperature of London 

 that of Paris, G4.58 (Maiilmann) : the 



qualities, 

 is 62,76 



of 



(Mahlmann) 

 London will sometimes 



index of 



temperature of the watery vapour 



sphere and the temperature of the air, is 



its evaporative powers. On this principle 



becomes 



summer temperature 



reach that of Paris, but vegetation in the surround 



En»il a P articul *« o( the booking- through syatem bet 

 '•*ii 1?. a ?1 Irelan <*. see "Bradgbaw's Guide," page 



amount of moisture in the atmosphere 

 matter of calculation by observing the difference 

 between a wet and dry thermometer. The mark- 

 ings of the two thermometers only coincide when 

 the air is saturated with moisture. In this case 

 no evaporation and consequent absorption of heat 

 from the bulb of the wet thermometer takes place. 

 Plants are affected in the same manner and will 

 exhale moisture from their leaves in the ratio of the 

 dryness of the air. Sunshine and the force of the 

 wind exert a powerful influence in promoting evapo- 

 ration from plants. Hale's well known experiment 

 on the Sunflower need not be adduced in confirma- 

 tion of this fact. Indeed, if the thermometer is 



in the atmo- | ing country of the latter is, in so many respects, 



different from that of the former, which impresses 

 us with the conviction that their climatic peculiari- 



the 



ween J ^^ m ^ 



**bVw!h Guwi,"^ in the air can be | calculated and stated in inches. 



ties are separated by a much wider boundary than 

 our figures indicate. 



In order that we may have some figures to assist 

 us in rightly judging of the composition of our mean 

 temperatures and their special effects on vegetation, 

 we have selected observations which have been 

 made under the same schemes and where every 

 precaution has been used to ensure accuracy. The 

 observations for the East of Kngland may be taken 

 as a type of the driest eastern counties. Those of 

 the West of England for the south-western counties 

 as well as the southern part of Ireland. The others 

 as the temperature of the middle districts of the 

 eastern counties of Scotland. The evaporation is 



It would be out 



very closely guessed at from our sensations of heat I of place to enter into the particular data from which 



