THE GARDENERS 



CHRONICLE 



ell-fed, well-cleaned 



tot nade>.hooU 



1 | not unlikely, 

 the place may remer 

 north i 



of the summer 



that 



in 



the 



trie iraiiMjpw woo pci»'n.»*»v»; — ~« — , 

 md how one of the trees at an early period 

 of the summer h - 1 all the appearance of dying. In 

 order, therefore, to remove any misconception upon 

 thi* point we may as well state that the tree in 

 nation was poisoned by the salt water thrown 

 clown continually by the confectioners in the place 

 where they made their ices, which place happened 

 to be in communication with the roots. 



BRITISH SONGBIRDS. 



(Cioi Bum, No. 37.) 



„ c find we are gaining ground with our 



nnl that we are fast making converts to 



rather, converts to the truths of science. 



.i.. --,«,^.I U Kannmoc atrinnpfl nf li.ilf 



creatures : nwuici muou rt^ * v * & ^v, 



subject, how dear the " instinct" costs the 

 feeds it. Think how very much a bird 

 ritiinff so Ion? upon her nest! How re- 





LIN 



. 



ca«e is fairly argued, it becomes 



<\ the interest caused by 



dis'iuwon cani t but be great. * 



i in his i Natural Theology/ defines Instinct, 



with a nice discrimination, to be "a propensity prior 

 to eipcrience, and independent of instruction n 



.i wr_ *^« i nn Jit,«^ U Ul«tM«i!. 



JeepThem warm ; teach them [to pick, eat, and 

 gather food for themselves ; and, in a word, perform 

 The part of so many nurses, deputed by the Sovereign 

 Lord and Preserver of the world, to help such young 

 and shiftless creatures!" Neither must we forget, 

 whilst on this — 1LS — u u — 



animal which 



gives up by sitting so long upon her nest ! 

 pugnant it is to her organization, her habits, and 

 her pleasures ! Here we have an animal, light as air, 

 and formed for liberty, submitting to confinement with- 

 out a murmur ; at a season too, when everything invites 

 her to enjoy herself abroad. Made for motion, and to 

 be constantly flying about, behold her for many consecu- 

 tive hours, extending over many wearisome days and 

 nights, riveted to her nest ; her limbs cramped, ner 

 frame half wasted away, and the most arduous duties 



fondness 

 about the 



for 



game 



matter, 



tangled mass. Trees have stru^iT* *> bt.^7 

 or supremacy, the under* S^fc ^ **!' 

 legitimists of lordly growth , **t-W* 

 become confusion, which J \$* «* Tg £ 

 would have obviated. From tlmpu * 



the 

 - tim e i» . 



i 801 " 6 of the nL*£*l 

 the woodman grins' acTesMo the 3 Sublu »«y ^* 

 to compensate for past neglect h* • tlon »;*l,. 



°u P - erat r \ Nothin S con "* amis' I mertUe ^ 

 thinned, that's his orders, and If' ?■„ , 



judgment or forethought is allowed t ^ * 



domes— thin. thin, th n i,„„u , r }° Wfl 



wood 



V 



doings— thin, thin, thin, hack hli u "*«* 

 text he understands, or will under^ J?' * *• 



yet remaining to be performed. ! 



These are some few of the interesting observations 



.«__.. •*. •».- j:i: j. : nr„ »-» .i- *: 



We are treating now 



v A k n 



IXpcnence, aim uiuepciiuuui. ui uiauuvmuu. a ma io 



f tncti v true. We, too, contend that it is by instinct that the 

 — # — s — i- g^j. one ano ther ; that animals cherish 



that await the diligent enquirer. ». « -*v, ~*~~~£ **-.» 

 of birds owZy ; but we hope that our readers will not 

 rest here. The Book of Nature is a library of itself, 

 and the student who enters it will find enough to occupy 

 him for his life-time. To. those weak-minded, short- 

 sighted individuals, who ridicule our philosophy, we 

 This is will not reply in our own words, but refer them to the 



remarks of the u Good Jones," as he is called, to distin- 



• i i • *» ___ ii 11 X* i? lI_ j » _ $% »i 





V 



part 



remarks ui vuc " vjuuu tiu^j^ as ne js caueu, tu uisuii- 



guish him from the small fry of that extensive family 

 tree — we mean w Jones, of Nayland." "He who cannot 



ft 



her | wood is thinned, and the two great n?? * 

 are the clear naked stems of the tree. 1a* 

 faggots for the market. The la2 Ll^^rf 

 of consideration, certainly, but at what ^^ 

 gained ? Stagnation of err™* * * at ^8* ki 



the VOUnj, When hatched, uuu mcu- npprupruttc iwu, 



lu ihort, that it is instinct which causes the salmon and 



IQUie MMff }>;n*tit"iil;ir tish to leave the sea, and enter 



river . fur the purpose of Bafely depositing their spawn 

 in frttl vrater. 



What again can it be but instinct, that makes a bird 

 prepare a n t for the reception of what she has never 

 *•■* seen,— an em ? And what but instinct could teach 

 , that whtolaid the em require warmth to bring 

 them to maturity? I can imagine, and admit, that when 

 the embryon first receive 



about lo days after the egg . rwv „. 



in expectancy '—the case is altered. Here, natural 

 affection is called into exercise, and every day brings 

 with it pleaaaing evidence to the senses that pain is by- 

 and-by to be rewarded with pleasure. The occupant 

 of the egg is not only rifted with motion, but it utters a 

 feeble ry long before it is born, and the quick ear of 

 the m her knows, instinctively, at a very early period 

 all. about what is to follow. Hence the difficulty of 

 getting her to quit the nest for food, when the time for 

 hatching is nearly arrived. Her self-importance at such 



- • n is ludicrously ranfe 



The above observations concern all birds generally 

 excepting that in the case of birds of the air, the decree' 

 Of instinct eonfemd by Nature is considerably greater 

 than what is obeerv.iblc in the common hen for instance 

 fWee, ducks, and other similar animals. Of all senseless! 

 stupid absurd, aggravating creatures, the domestic hen 

 eland, foremost She will sit on a brick, a stone, a slate 

 or a block of wood,~and this for weeks at a time • in' 



W*r° g M ? e sensation of " h ^ n (peculiar at the 



the structure ot the human body, the circulation oi the 

 blood through a variety of vessels wonderfully arranged 

 and conducted, the instinct of birds, beasts, and other 

 animalSythe'iY tempers and dispositions, the growth of 

 plants, and their many effects for meats and medicine, 

 —he, I say, who cannot see all these and many other 

 things, as the evident contrivances of a divine wisdom, is 

 sottishly blind, and unworthy of the name of a man." 



Being ourselves anything but vindictive, we will only 

 add to the above that should any person despise these 

 glorious pursuits,—' May he never grow fat ! ' We are 

 in search of the noblest gifts of God to his creatures ; 

 and nothing short of the discovery will satisfy us : 



So, turning round the lordly Oak, 

 Secure th' ambitious Ivy growa ; 

 And, proof against the tempest's stroke, 

 Laughs at the fiercest wind that blows ! 



We stand not alone, but have a goodly array of ardent 

 followers, William Kidd. 



death in others, and detriment to al7 ?** 

 so sudden a change m the condition of th\ h ** 

 policy. The transition should be IS > » * 

 changes in the circumstances attendLT 1 ^** 

 well as animal growth, are often followed W* « 

 circumstances. ea b 7 <**■*»* 



In young plantations, under ordinary cirem^ 

 trimming and cutting away branches toJofSSH 

 place of thinning If sound timber is the obfeSS 

 the natural condition of growth cannot be too '** 

 attended to In forest pruning, as in all other oDm^ 

 of a like character, Nature should be aJiwi 

 obstructed j her efforts should be directed notpenerJS 



G.Z. 



(To be continued.) 



ON THE FORMATION OF WOOD IN TRFF> 



(From the Proceedings of the Rojal Irish Ar^. 



June 23, 1851.) ^ iemy ' 



Mr. 



Mb 



JOTTINGS ON FOREST PRUNING. 



• *m . ._ _ _ _ 



growing 



vital powers, and stagnation of growth, are the imme- descent of the sap in vegetables 



diate consennpn^ TKo «*«u ** . a , ^ doubte( j 5 the whole theory QI WOOG . IoraaDOJ 



ing on the fact of such being the case. It was the] 



later 



ouciuty s jdouuuc oaraen, communicated the follows 

 details of the results of physiological experiments oofc 

 formation of wood in plants, made in the Royal Dnhii 

 Society's Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. between the m 

 1839 and 1851:— ' 



" It may appear remarkable in vegetable phpobr 

 that what has long been considered an axiom dm 

 now be gravely disputed by one of the best physiokw 

 of the present time. Dr. Schleiden, of Jena, in kb 

 admirable work, * Principles of Scientific Botany,' fleflT 

 denies that a downward current of elaborated bark-ap 

 either does or can take place in plants, which opinioB 

 gives to the experiments I propose to describe mod 

 additional interest. At the time my experiments 



appear 



>rmation 

 more with a view of eliciting information 



■ • .« ■* a 1 ■ 



breeding season) continues to rage. „ .„ CIIllt , ai opera . 

 toon ," says Add.son, « could not be followed with grK 

 ar or d.l.gence, than is seen in hatching a chicken • vet 

 wtbeprooM. earned on without the km glmmerkJVf 

 thoiy/U or common sense. The hen will mistake a niece of 



tion of their number ; does not distinguish between her 

 own and those of another species ; Ind is fri'htenej 

 when to supposititious breed of ducklings tat it 



diate consequences. The whole of a fine avenue of been doubted, the whole theory of wood-formation rat- 

 Horse Chestnuts (^Esculus Hippocmtanum), was de- 

 prived of the lower branches, from a sordid motive, 

 and many of them died in consequence. It must be 



recollected, that the despoiled branches were very large 



and the trees very old. A similar result in the case of 



younger trees occurred two years ago, within a few miles 



ot where I write. A plantation of Scotch Firs, from 



some cause, became so thinned in an early stage of their 



growth, that each tree had ample room to extend its lower 



branches. I saw them before the mutilation of which I 



NaSreTh^I d ° mesticated &"*S and birds in a state 

 Nature, there is most assuredly" a distinction with a 



= me intelligenc; 8 ^eThVal^^i^ ° f * 

 sureb-, we toe brains without "thought?' 



difference . 



Here. 



prolific, it mav i^LVv' , these birds are ver v 



W' to be!, e^L Tit t igne( ! this " limi 'ed 



This * aS. :L d l! C i' n A the > r .*>o great 



increase 



birds are 



cautions. 

 In no 



surmise 



w*ervable 



oung. Nature here ad rpJ u 5 eetion to *eir 

 ler vnJ M i a a:^.™ Maresscs herself forcibly to 



vs. 



. See, says Derham, 



notes 



caress 



• a? J* ^ernam, 

 , ir offspring with their 



er 



*, We bardiy nesd rMaaHTrtrr 



am about to speak took place, and could not but admire 



wh£ If T ^ Galth ? a PP earan ^. so opposite to 



Ztl ?*r?} ly m t eSS m ordinar y Plantations of the 

 same kind of tree. This robust character would appear 



forT^'- n °\J° be i eX \ Ctly What their owner re^Li 

 Sriff T g thr ° Ugh th , 6 P lanta «on at a subsequen 

 penod, I was presented with a new kind of scenery 



♦?„i f \ °if rat u er portions of them ' w ere there cer 

 toSi^iiT Chan f/- A H«P-Pole with a stabt 



tionTf »n ■ a- I W ° Uld aff0rd an exceI,ent representa- 

 tion of an individual tree, and the portrait of one would 



serve equally well for all. But the sequel is not told 



SurnTd 'a' boV° ' " t™ Li Winter ' and ^-"1^ 

 returned a botanical ramble led me to the localitv 



and dvt^ a •S?' ° f ">> ° ld «£ JTdS 

 tfons o L to T DOthing ° f Various little collec 



g lenTad fit ^^p^^f^f 



«« lonnSn^" k • Pruning or rather in this case 



brSf be\T r g e P mot?v ed T^' J mean had * ^ 



over severalseasoTs tmS 7 ' T^l^ the °P eratlon 

 have occurred Tn' £ de8truct >on of trees would not 



to be advisab e, h U^nS""* ^ rem0Val of suc » 

 a space of time as pSto tT'T" 0Ver as great 

 from the effects of IZ »» ? I % the free to re ^over 

 The Dfcl J2! * 2f. attac ^ ^. efo re another is given. 



inure witn a view oi eliciting imoriuauuu uu uic i«w 



subject, than to prove or disprove that sap circulate^ 

 as it has generally been considered to do, they were 

 undertaken* 



"Before entering into details I shall take the liberty 

 of very briefly stating to the Academy the views heH 

 on this important subject by Drs. Lindley and Schleidet, 

 which are entirely antagonistic. The former author,* 

 his < Theory of Horticulture,' at p. 28, makes the Mat- 

 ing statement :— « When sap leaves the earth and paiei 

 into the stem, it ascends by the woody matter of m 

 finest fibres of the root; having left them, it flows* 

 the new wood from which those fibres emanated, * 



— — ^_ ^_ — — - — ^^ — — ■ — — - - — — 



passes along this until it reaches the leaves: on ■ 

 return from them it descends through toe u ber,inp» 

 passing horizontally through the medullary ^ 

 Wherever it passes, it deposits a portion of its"- 

 parts,' &c. Dr. Schleiden, on the other hand f «£ 

 that wood is formed by a descending bark-sap. i 

 chapter on the « Reproduction of Plants,; in w^T 

 of Scientific Botany,' p. 535, when treating 

 we have the following statement : — ' ^ et 



grafosgt 



always exert a greater or less influence on 

 graft, as the sap brought to it must pass w 

 " ■ - ock, and become^ changed there^ fc 



the eye * 



through die 

 Intto 



is 



one case. 



cells of the stock, 



case the relations are too complicated «/ '"T""^^ 

 offer an explanation. All that is known on tn 

 " ■ " in manuals of horticulture, ij™ t j, 



If the branch of a qmck-gro«J , ^ 

 grafted upon a very slow-growing one, as, ^ ^ 

 the branch of a Plum upon a Sloe-stock, wj^ » 

 grow rapidly, but not so the stock, win c» ^ ^ 

 slow-growing character ; a striking exatnp M g 



manency of the specific life of the ^"L** 

 appears to me, affording a fatal f^J^ b* 

 pretended descent of the sap. ■" * «_ cover* 

 sap existed, the Sloe-stock would be nauu .^ ^ 



annual rings of Plum W» ^ the gro 



sap existed, the Sloe-siocn *w -r -, 

 with annual rings of Plum wood irom 

 and it would grow in ™™<wtion 

 of the craft: but this is 



,«tk 



proportion l " -^ a* 



h ? - n ° Tnot o» S t 



»SVSS~ *'■•' '" -' >«.. p, %'* , " i; ' '»> ' .TS The pha^phv Z °J? T'i ,, efore "»'»<* *> sT«i. 



•rrwto d-ff.r" *, ■ ■ "wwiBii ; io that wa ^. ,,, * %^,, ur Kee P 

 « Wfl r frr mtho8ewhodJ 8R 7 l we mim amicably 



cam* W."? r J, .*■."«• her children &%' W'*** tf > «PPor. 



4 CLSE^SS rf« .-? ^e be 



for the new annual rings are IOT ^ ]ol>m e^ 



" ■ ' Ce " ock. and ^ 



The fon^l°U 



xux mc new aiiuuai a 1x15a — - 



descending bark-sap^ but out of a ^ eu "^ and 

 cambium already existing in the s 



€timstan 



__aan 

 ex 



e cir. 

 s , and 

 {a te care 



an opportunity for 8 uch does not oftZ , ped that 



does occur, as those wl.nl v!,- " ° ccur ' but still it 



them to not I llu h r„! i b i S,neS8 . or Nervation *** 



wement may here be for granted, in order to prove the descen 



5 « to be hoped that sap ; but we find that this wood doe £ J , g fj gJ 



a, rt f 1 *■ must, tnei c ^ ' . ^Mfl 



them to notice c»«k ""^~"-"^» w ooservaticn 



S2^ l t ^^:P^tatio n H?^S; tteW r d n «t be told. 



88,0081 "^^^ irom Tarion s L,tl eSt ^ SOme , t,We ? become nedected 



The 



The apathy f the proprietor, his 



„,„„... ..Swood dees *£z£* 



nature of the graft, and ...««-- - !.«--' xi>" .^ 

 indepentlently of any descending J"'**; tbe matter* 

 the views held by the best authorities _ &ni & 



present, I shall now detail my expei 

 how far they bear on either. 



