THE GARDENERS 



CHRONICLE. 



ucting 



^' lJjSini?^ 1 experiments before he left the 

 P A«rdens the results of which are already 

 public. J consider, however, it only just on 

 Inwards n i m , that I shall here state my principal 

 *fl f \ m * to be founded on one he had commenced, 



2Sire do not A PP ear to nave ^ een amim S to attain 

 objects 

 their boles in various ways, one of them, a large 



E^Cbestnut tree, then 4 feet in circumference, and 

 m** Y^ g inches. At three feet from the surface of 

 *** j t«*o deep incisions had been made through 



2 •*■**> cn>ss in S 



tree, which is now, while I write (June, 1851), in ful. 



bloom. The results. I " 



/ 



09 



firmation to the established 



'• i k QOW > its flowers do not droo «rt 

 conceive, rather than adding con- as tin* of some othm do : an 



it is about tin be* variety w* hare. C 



He had cut several trees more or less 



Q ., ., , . . . tl^ry, bear out Dr. 



bchleiden s views in a remarkable manner. It is true the 



newly-formed tissue extended from the upper lip of the 



cut chiefly in the downward direction, and that very 



little appeared on the lower lip. But the train « 



belii \ 



each other at 



right 



angles, 



and 

 The 



^j^the circumference on each side (Fig. 1). 

 **"2 thus left growing on four separate pillars of 

 **j ajburnum, and bark, but no results, that I am 

 ** of were deducible from this experiment, when I 

 red the following. Seeing that it afforded an 

 example for observing the growth of woody 

 is it would form to fill up the perforations 

 i B gA the stem, I examined the portion of the tree 

 ^it was cut, and found that the heart wood was 

 ^■lefelv dead, and beginning to decay, at both the upper 

 2»wer lips of the cut. It, therefore, could render 



ce whatever for the phenomena of life being 

 on through its medium. The ascent of the sap 

 i formation of wood must then have depended 

 dither on the functions of the alburnum and 

 Stan, which rested on the four pillars of dead wood, 

 m amply acting as supports. During the spring of 

 ]g$ 1 had one of the pillars laid bare (Fig. 1, A), thus 



Fig. 1. 



reasoning I adopt from these circumstances is that 'of 

 Dr. Schleiden. The flow of sap by endosmotic process 

 from cell to cell was interrupted by the alburnum ai 

 cambium being cut across on the pillar which was laid 

 bare. It therefore diverged laterally, and followed its 

 natural upward course, on the three pillars where no 

 laceration had been made, which accounts for nogrowti 

 taking place on the lower lip. On the portion of stem 

 above the cut, a greater degree of formative energy 

 accrued, in consequence of the interruption the end - 

 motic process met with below. The tissue thus formed 

 would rather extend itself on the vacant space un r, 

 L e., the bare pillar, than upwards, where endosmosis 

 was less vigorous in consequence of many of the cells 

 being filled with sap of greater density. In this manner 

 it continued to grow until it reached the lo* r lip of 

 the cut, where its downward course was obstructed, 

 when it spread in a lateral direction over the Surface of 

 the lip, as well as upwards, until the bare surface 

 became covered over. During the whole process it did 

 not occur to me, that the young wood was formed by a 

 returning bark-sap. The growth seemed gradual and 

 not periodical. The young tissue taking s lateral and 

 upward direction when it met the lower lip, sho that. 



although the tendency be downwards, it 

 will alter. 



"A remarkable example of the per. 

 meability of the tissues of plants has far- 

 ther been proved through this experiment. 

 From knowing the heart- wood was dead 



important, it endures the 



Fig. 2. 



Wtfining the life-supporting action to the remaining 

 tee. In a short time afterwards, granulated masses of 

 riular tissue began to form on the upper lip of the 

 -~-'on made, and continued to extend down the surface 



rf the bare pillar throughout the summer, whilst the 

 ■■w lip of the incision remained free from wcod- 

 ■rmation. The woody matter continued to increase 

 2jdly through the summer of 1840, extending itself 

 Wi in perpendicular and lateral directions from the 

 JB** _"P; On the lower lip two leaf-buds were formed 

 I'ig. 2, C), which produced young shoots, when w r oody 

 ■^f began to form at the bases of these shoots ; but 

 •tteir being removed, the farther increase of tissue at 

 ■» stopped. In May, 1841, the masses of cellular 



fata k°1 W00d had extended from the upper lip so as 

 J°J* the tower, and to spread along its surface. 



tit i fV J unction took place, a second of the pillars 

 J* m bare, as the first had been, and the results 

 £« similar. The only difference observable was, that 



£ ?ody. matter did not form so rapidly as it did in 

 J*™ instance. At the expiration of "three more 

 j^J second junction had taken place on the pillar 

 a bare. A third was now subjected to the same 

 wnent, the principal difference of results in this 



modi web the rain 



rs do ; and for ret\ laU ImiUl I 



e u is about the beat tarietT we have. Tint- 



bssima Boribnnda \m abater habit th« either of the 



above of a deeper or more orange eabor, mud indi- 

 vidually the flowers are larger. It dots not, however, 

 stand ram so well as acme others; bu what it equal. j 



i the sun tolerably veil- r 



thati any other I have ; and we all know w \ mi * <}Mk» 

 C alceolarias have to a long continuance of dry weather. 

 Of a still deeper tin^e, an. juite aa good in habit as the 

 last, is a broad leaved variety, leaa glaucous than ri 

 sissima, and more pointed in its leaves ; but the name 1 

 ha with it is only local, and therefore useless to tha 

 general reader. This one 1 like the bast of any, Tha 

 rain does not wash off its flowers so much aa it does 

 those of the kinds m Dti< dabo?e,and it thrivtsjw ty 

 well. Another broad-leaved van, t\ called (I tidal) 



^alvifolia, is much the Mine in character, except that 

 its flower stems are loo weak to real m v < re weather, 

 and that is a serious drawback. More gay than any of 

 the above, but less hardy, is the br.UiaM i*hi % 



though lacking some of the good j r. <, tfesof a bedding 

 Calceolaria, is, n^ertliilm, a peal air on tm 

 large truss ami purity of cole ren« Og it a universal 

 favourite. It stands the rain b er than a v aori i h 

 which 1 am acquainted, an<| for noh*gays it is indihpi i 

 able. A desirable |><>int about it is tiial • ba «-l tha 

 Sowar is n« ly as bright as the Jn.m. i».tfc. 



standing its sit •, liow< \ er, clear ncss oi ol our, and other 



good qualities, it unfortunately has its faults, it is not 



so hardy as Some others ;it does not now< r ho i and 



the plant wants that sturdiiu habit wh»« UOOCSV 



aary to maintain its flowers « r< ■ i att all kinds of 



w alter; nevertheless^ it is a p 04" "Mitt, and I 



have three beds of it now (Nov. 8) t about the mo*t showy 



of anything I have, Salvia fulgens | < ■ 1 1 | iMQayftsd In 



at the part of the stem which was operated j the early art of the season, it is more disp to 



on, I was desirous to ascertain whether it j than flower ; in which respect it is c\ ly the 

 continued so to the apex of the tree, which of the variety called "Kentish Her* ' which flowers 

 I had some reason to suppose it did, from itself almost to death at that time of the year. Hut I 

 having about four years ago observed a forget) * Kentish Hero n is not yellow j and 1 have pro- 

 mised to confine myself at present to thai colour. Next 



to C. Kayii, is amph xicaulis, which differs but little 

 from it, except in folirge ; the , shape, and «ol<ur of 

 the flowers are the same, but the joliage presents a 

 marked difference ; of the two, 1 pref< r Kaj ii« Thers is 

 another bright yllow kind, called bj me * l riori- 

 bunda," a very improper name, for 1 could never gel 

 into flower until late ; ami 1 have, therefore, thrown it 

 away along with one or two others of less note. Wera 



I to be asked which two sorts I would prefer, I 



would at once say "Kayii,' 1 and the i is resembling 

 viscosissima ; if another, then Angustifolia, As I hava 

 formerly mentioned that the end of < >ctol rand Novem- 

 ber are good times for propagating Calceolaria*} 1 hope 



hat amateurs have or will avail themselves St it. I 

 have only lately put in my stock, which is little short of 



000 cuttings, and I have no fear that more than one or 

 two per cent, will fail. With me the greatest raw back 

 is' the effect which dry weather has on tin m in summer ; 

 and in planting a given set of beds, the one that n j be 

 a little more shaded than the rest is not always the one 

 that a due distribution of colour renders advisable to 



BOW 



small portion of the top shoot dead. I, 

 however, found the heart- wood full of sap, 

 and apparently very healthy, in a piece of 

 the top shoot which I had lately cut from 

 below the dead part. 



11 With similar objects in view, a second 

 series of experiments has been made, at 

 various times within the last 12 years, by 

 planting cuttings of free-growing plants 

 with their tops downwaixls. Placed in this 

 way, adventitious roots were protruded, and 

 the plants grew. Cellular granulations at 

 first appeared on the end which was now 

 uppermost, and out of the ground, a circum- 

 stance which militates against the inference drawn by 

 some, namely, that the physical law of gravitation 

 operates in causing the sap to descend. 



"In conducting this experiment, I have invariably 

 found that no cellular callus formed at the lower 



I 





extremity, as would have been the case had 1 planted 

 the cutting in the regular way. The young roots were 

 protruded laterally from the bases of leaf-buds under 

 ground ; when one or more of these elongated, the axis 

 made a sharp curve upwards, until it regained its natural 

 position. The growth and woody formation went on 

 then in the usual way. In some cases the portion of 

 the cutting above ground remained alive during a con- 

 siderable period, though no leaf-buds grew on it. It, 

 however, soon died after the ascending shoot gained 



strength. 



" This experiment, in my opinion, also tends to prove 

 that no regular return of assimilated bark -sap takes 

 place in the formation of wood ; because, if such wew 

 the fact, the portion of the cutting above ground would 

 have lived, and continued to receive the annual deposits, 



which was not the case. 



"The beautiful example I 

 Academy, of the junction of stock 

 beyond any manner of doubt, that the two increase by 



have laid before the 

 and graft, proves, 



J«*M treated as the others had been, the growths 

 1} h wood becoming gradually weaker on each 

 TJJwg one being the only difference. 



J "fug, that no leaf-bud was formed on the lower separate growths of their own wood, as thoroughly as 

 « soon as the third junction occurred, the fourth if they still grew on separate roots. I cannot, therefore, 

 *" -~ ■ ' - see how this fact can be got over by those who hold that 



exogenous plants increase by annual deposits of bark-sap. 

 It will not, however, do to draw final conclusions from 

 isolated cases on a subject which, if Dr. Schleiden's 

 reasoning be correct, so great a change must necessari y 

 follow in our views of this part of the science of vegetable 

 physiology." 





2d. Exo- 



^hu^A S ^°l detailed th e way this experiment was 



* IttTh elicited en abled me to deduce :— 



*<ftfcl>l a CVery organ in an exogenous tree may be 

 j^^y destroyed, without causing the death of the 



**s 3T 7 ? ey are Squally destroyed. 

 *•* of » • tnrou S h thei r vital processes, have the 

 *» iarm^ a restorin S the organs so destroyed. 3d. 

 *«*onnTi e energy takes P lace principally above 

 title, in portlon of the stem, and the newly formed 

 fc*tion crease > for the most part, in a downward 





Home Correspondence 



Yellow Bedding Calceolarias. 



Amongst the 



orna- 

 few 



ments of a gay parterre, or mixed flower-border, 

 stand higher in public estimation than yellow Calceola- 



* ^gh these results 



'"ore than confirmations of the old theory of 



itself in 



may, at first sight, appear to 



^Metrrl - n, -, ana even the experiment 



*»*«, thV l!.f m ar to oth ers which have already been 

 ^Bfo5 difforfl ■"•♦—»-"- f — r l -"™ " f 



3 4e or^ 0perated on > and not the branches only. 

 ** *>d i/T destr °yed, including pith, medullary 

 l ^ ex o° the cour se of 1 2 years the stem of 



J^fereno l US tree > me *suring 4 feet 9 inches in 

 " : : beW * h( ' en complete* killed in a circular 



plant with yellow Calceolarias ; thip, U er with my 

 dry soil and absence of water, are evils diffi ilt to ov< r- 

 come ; nevertheless, I should consider a set of only four 

 beds incomplete unless one of them > planted with 

 this my favourite class of plant* An Old Gardener. 



Late Figs (sc p. 694).— Your correspondent « S. B, 

 will not succeed in ripenin Figs without fire heat*: this 

 season of the year, as they appear to require a greater 

 stimulus than mere close confinement I have seen it 

 fail in our Fig-house every season. This year, however, 

 I have manage 1 lo ripen late Figs, and I am now 

 gathering from small plants in pots. The process is 



simple, and shows the Fig to be a more manageable 

 plant than some people imagine. In the 1 mmg of 

 October the leaves of the Figs in our Vinen weM 

 turning yellow, and the half-formed fruit dropping eff f 

 when 1 had half-a-dozen plants remo d to the stove, 

 the surface of the soil well mulched with manure, and 

 the leaves syringed frequently. The result of the 

 experiment is that the leaves have regained their deep 

 green colour, and in 10 days from the time they were 

 first treated in this way the plants ripetied fruit. I 

 gather from them about once a week, and there is every 

 prospect of a continued supply up to Christmas, as very 

 few of the fruit has fallen off. Charles Lee, Hammer- 

 smith. - fi . 

 Preservation of Fish.— Since the prewrvatmn of fish 



has been noticed in the Cktm le, 1 am desiroits of 

 adding my testimony to the great injury done to many 

 streams and rivers by the dele nous refuse drained 

 into them from towns. 1 can bring evidence to prove 



that the waters of a small stream have been so much 



to the merits or defects 



ffers materially from any I know of, 

 win g particulars. Here the main stem of 



therefore, relating to the merits or ueiecw «■«* '-» 

 ties now common cannot but be interests .. I send you 



a few remarks on those kinds which 1 have grown rather 

 extensively this season ; and in return I shall be glad 

 to hear what additions others may have to make to the 

 list. The well known C. angustifolia, and its twin bro- 

 ther rugosa, have proved almost hardy here ; last year 

 every plant left out lived through the mater, and 



*t*ed 



^''de, and the organs of vitality again 



think there were hundreds 

 flowers very early in the season 



for the cottagers living near it to make tl ea from, 

 which they are in the habit otherwise of d- >g. A thick, 

 greasy icum, rising to the surface when boiled , dtseo- 

 vers its impurity. I have also been . I1W7 informed 

 that many fish have been found dead near the town, 

 evidently killed from this cause I myself have^ ob- 

 served 'thai the fish, particularly dace have become 



- ditaur, to which, I believe, 



great num- 

 attribute to the 



k * 8 .ft« a heaw crop of subject to a very destructive aisease, v, » .... . 



flowers very eany in uw awwui., .»y . Derail : this, too. 1 am incuneu iu «»«»» ~ — 



freely as I could have wished ; ^J™£"^£ Sted water! The symptoms of disease are these : 



wiri a * ailu ine organs oi vitality again ji^cij ^ - m~~- ? - f „ niwmience to 



» w '^out apparently affecting the health of the ever, blossomed better, and.what is of consequence to 



