THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



? 





— -1 nflome thickness, to keep out the frost and 

 ** wn the «ides. As the store is being filled, the end 

 ** Trfnre bein* railed off as the sides are, straw is 

 rf»J ^ inst it and against the ends, for 8 or 10 feet 

 £f!the'end ; the full carts are backed to the end, the 



mIT d of the cart being taken out, the load is tumbled 

 *?" «S the horse walks out of the store, when a boy, 

 jjl i - this time has brought another loaded cart, 



Hq off with tHfe empty one to the field ; two stores 

 *lwavs bein" filled at the same time, so that each 

 -i— «rrts the alternate load ; there are two men, one 

 Zlln and one boy, to each store ; one of thte men puts 



^o^'^ inside the rail, and thatches the stores as 



the man, woman, and boy throw up 



ire 



m 



straw 



the thatcher making 



ggy are full ; 



tT^aual° r bv placing the roots close, so that that he 

 -Tthatch'the store as it is completed ; these hands 

 2 WW employed in storing from 160 to 182 loads in 

 !L hours When the store is nearly filled, five rails 

 « daced in the end of it, and the roots thrown up, 

 2nd the roof formed to the end as it was formed at the 



taiim 



«■ 



Expense of Harvesting the Mangold, Swedes, 

 C^ts and Potatoes.— The price paid for pulling, cutting 

 the leaves and roots off, and filling the roots and the 

 leaves into the cart, per acre, for Mangold, is 6s. 6d. ; 

 far Swedes, 6*. ; for Carrots, 1 65. ; for Potatoes, 25*. 



If we look at the mode of proceeding, the pulling, 

 cutting and filling of the roots, we shall see the advan- 

 tage of a system, not only in the rapid mode of clearing 

 Se ground, but also in the wages which the taskers 

 m at this period of the year, when the wages of farm 

 l^ourers arc 



Ik Twt awl Hands employed in Harvesting 29 Acres of Mangold 



and 11 Acres of Swedes. 



Oft 



: 



28 

 19 

 !l 



a 



24 



Taking 



Ditto 

 Ditto 

 Ditto 

 Ditto 

 Ditto 



Ditto 



up Mangold 

 in No. 6 

 in No. 6 

 in No. 10 

 in No. 10 

 in No. 2 

 in No. 2 

 in No. 22 

 in No. 24 



a 

 3 



i-d 

 55 



as 



5 



5 

 5 

 5 



5 



5 



35 

 5 



40 



CO ,— 



Filling Cart. 



Men. 



10 



10 

 10 

 10 

 10 



10 

 10 



70 



1 



1 



1 

 1 

 1 



1 



1 



Women 

 & JBoys. 



7 



9 



9 

 9 

 9 

 9 



9 

 9 



63 



Quantity. 



Acres, 



11 



1 

 J 



10 

 8 



11 



40 



29 acres of Mangold, at Gs. ^d. per acre 

 11 acres of Swedes, at 5s. Qd* per acre 



40 



JB 12 2 



Or, per acre ... 6 2} 



Tte ytages earned by Vie contractors and paid by them to the Jiands 



they employed : 



40 dajs of a man, at 2s. per day £4 



70 days of women, at lOd. per day 2 18 4 



63 days of boys and girls, at 2d. 2 7 3 



£9 5 7 



Leaving 63s. 6d. to be divided amongst the contractors, 

 for their labour, viz., four men 16s. each, or more than 

 2*. per day over their wages ; these five men earniug 

 k per day for the seven days' work. 



The expense of hauling the roots home. 



Load 8. 

 U. 6, 2 days of 4^ carts equal to 9 horses 30G 

 jo. 10, 1| days of 5 horses M ?i ,, 242 



5°- 2 > 1 4 *, .. 7% .. 190 



ji 



7* 

 12 



3G 



I J 





I08.22&2I, 2 days, (J horses 



jj&fl loads carted by 36 days 0* vu „ UU , 8C) ** «» 



Wapme of carting 930 loads off 40 acres of . 



»i . , and Swedes, 



*%8ofahoree > sayat3s. 



iSX !?! 1 ?* 11 10 back and ei P the carts i 2s - - 



' «IS Of 21 bOM =s 17*. at. ft,* 



192 



930 



Acres, 

 11 

 10 



3 



11 



40 



• •• 



• t 1 



fold Wurzel 



...£5 8 

 14 

 11 8 



• • t 



• ♦• 



J ften, 7 



Expense 



£6 



Orperacre 



tarn - a - f€ °f Coring 40 acres of roots, 9&0 loads. 

 ? S '- / )S = 28 da * 9 > afc 2M - Per day £2 6 8 

 , **en,7dajB= s uj 28 days, at 1Q<*.... 13 4 



13 

 3 



weighs from 42 lbs. to 45 lbs., and costs fr. 



2s. 6tZ. Bones are an invaluable sourc 



acid, an element of so much importance to plants ; fe^ 



plants but require phosphate of lime and magnesia i 



variable quantities, their nutritive value depending in 



substances in 



anu uie raualy tunned ammonia, 

 organic matter- produces a u 



ft*. 'in the decay 



in sooner when m the form of dust, hecanae a lunar aur 

 depending in a face is exposed for ahsorbin " 

 isure upon tne supply of these substances in soil. To dissolve bones, 



I y a wise provision of Nature, the phospha B finely as possible, as a greater surfaca 

 abound to the irreatest extent in snol, >™ nc ,..„ ..„: .. *, ^ t , ^o f , b surIJU 



8 



* 



^ll 116 to i al ex P ei »8e of pullinfr, 

 «5r ta*°?£ i8 * for pullinff> 



22*8 tbe whole 



■*»8 «>e whole 



£3 10 0orls.3ti.p.ac. 



• . • 



••• 



• •« 



• •t 



...£12 9 



.., 6 13 



3 10 



• *• 



or Ss. Zd. p. acre 

 8 „ 3 4 „ 



,. 1 9 



9* 



i» 



ttttense 



8 or 11 4 p. acre 



power which the five men brought to bear on this 



». 



The 



mil} 



** J r~ f C ^ n loads ' of at least a tou each, equal to 1 32 

 which ° m six acres ' besid es the leaves and roots, 



^8 on W flf e € ^ UaI * to eigllt tons P er aere? or t0 48 



to 





overon S ! X acres 5 tllis niakes 190 tons; besides, 

 kve ; n T 6 the re sistanee of the hold tf hich the roots 

 * 190 t ^ Sround > w liich must be in every case equal 

 ID*. T J ns ; . the weight of the roots and leaves, 380 

 to* in J" the fi ve men overcame a resistance of 380 

 *e maj t Urb ' constaufc labour, equal to 76 tons for 

 *** re-n) i PUl1 U P ^ 01ll 7 one foot high, and lay it 

 ^l str 1 ° n - the S^ound ; this is an amount of 

 *** &oilo£ V,liiClx we Iiave uever witnessed before - 





w W^Th M f NUR ES.-No. V. 



^ bestow i • Pnee ° f bones varies according to the 



*** betwpJ i lU ., their P re P a ration, no difference being 



ea b0lle ^ tod unboUed bones. A bushel 



moisture from the air and 



the soil. _. „.. ...„„„... . __ _ _ . 



will 



le greatest extent in such crops as are uni 

 versally employed as food. A man eating 1 lb. of farina 

 a day would consume 3| lbs. of phosphate of lime in a 

 year. Leguminous crops, from the small amount of 

 phosphates they contain, are incapable of imparting that 

 strength and solidity of bone to the animals fed on°them 

 as others containing less nitrogen. 100 lbs. of bones 

 contain 60} lbs. of phosphate of lime, which distinguishes 

 them from all other animal substances ;*33|lbs. of de- 

 composible animal matter, with a little carbonate of 

 lime (least in carnivorous animals) ; phosphate of mag- 

 nesia : and a little soda, in the form of common salt. 



procure the latte 



w 

 he 

 * tUgged lf 



Am 



Place the boM 



ear*" 



peat 



IMP the mixture 



heir wojgiit 



; afi 



hours, add 



When bones are burned in a fire 



until everything 



organic is consumed, a white substance remains called 

 earth of bones, consisting principally of phosphate of 

 lime, a salt composed of 51 £ per cent, of lime, and 

 48^ of phosphoric acid. 1 have stated that phos- 

 phate of lime imparts strength and solidity to bones, 

 full grown animals contain most of this phosphate, 

 hence the hardness of their bones. Young animals 

 contain least, hence their softness of bone. Disease fre- 

 quently softens the bones, by dissolving out more of this 

 earthy matter than is supplied by the food. Phosphate 

 of lime is white, tasteless^ and insoluble, but dissolves 

 readily in acids ; hence it is suspended in milk by means 

 of lactic acid, and, by the agency of the organic acids in 

 the soil, is rendered capable of entering the roots of 

 plants. It is largely found in Estremadura, in Spain, 

 under the name of apatite, where it forms entire moun- 

 tains. It is also found in the urine of adults, but not in 

 that of young animals, for the rapid formation of the 

 bones of the latter require none of the salt to be wasted. 

 If the legs of hens be broken they will lay eggs without 

 shells until the fracture is repaired, the circulation of 

 the lime being required for the recovery of the bone ! 

 When bones are boiled they are deprived of gelatine, 

 which dissolved in the water (the fat being previously 

 skimmed off), forms size or glue used in Manchester for 

 stiffening calicoes. Three or four lbs. of fat are extracted 

 from one bushel of bones in process of boiling for 24 

 hours, which is employed for greasing coarse machinery. 

 During the process of boiling, the bones absorb more 

 water ; thfts the gelatine decomposes more rapidly when 

 laid in the soil. If rain be excluded bones may be pre- 

 served for an indefinite period ; but if finely divided and 

 moistened, their temperature rises, and they putrify 

 " on the same principle as, when carried to excess, 

 shows itself in the formidable shape of spontaneous 

 combustion by setting fire to our ricks and kindling 

 the cargoes of ships." Soft bones generally contain 

 much water and fat ; the quantity of the latter depends 

 upon the position of the bone in the body, and the con- 

 dition of the animal— the amount of the former upon 

 the solidity and age of the bone. By the employment of 



may be acted upon by the acid. At the end of 24 home, 

 when the hones will be reduced to a maas of peete,tbe 

 latter should be mixed with an < gtal hulk of aahea, «Mr- 

 dust, dried peat, or garden mould. Four pounds of 

 common salt added to every bushel of bo nee facilitate* 

 their decomposition, in consequence of the muriat aekl 

 contained in the eali. The aulphuric *< I should have 

 a specific pravity of 1.845 ; will coat from \d. to l+d. 



per lb. water is require I 10 be added to tin ho 

 prerioaate adding the acid, aa it v ill afford aa caeiar 

 passage for the acid through the boaes, and prevent the 

 loss of that reat heat (v arl of from the mixiu «f 



the acid and water, which otherwise mi^ht produce dan- 

 gerous results to the operator. Libra.. [In the leal 



manures, " 

 with 



acid.] 



id, " (jrlntii... united 



tartaric acid forms leather p it ehould be 



Home 



I Wufml 



1 



We grow MangAd Wu 

 >und, manured tth dun- 

 riuuing of April. W< 



ry 



The 



We are eadly 



Can Ton tell me 



why this is, and whether the tope of the plants runnin 

 to seed should be broken off \ Flintshire is our 

 Overton." TYou sow too early. 



d shoots 



[You sow too early. Breaking the se 

 is of no use.] 



Price* of Afjricv&lvral Produce. — Below 1 copy from 

 the official statements, to be found in the returoa pre 

 sented to Parliament, the average annual prioea of Wheat 

 during the preceding five years in <ireat Britain, France, 

 and Belgium, reduced into English quarters and 



x. 



^ u b" ou %,» 



Great Britain. 



France. 



l\e\giuu 





s. d. 



f. 4. 



4. <L 



184G 





55 9 56 * 



1847 





«7 4 



72 2 



1818 



60 6 ...... 



33 7 



41 



184) 





35 7 



40 5 



1850 





33 2 



37 5 



It was in the first of these years that the Act reducing 

 the duties'on the importations of foreign corn info thia 

 country was passed, in the last year the duties wer« 

 suspended, and so continued till sometime in the fol- 

 lowing vear, and in 1849 all the restrictive duties were 

 abolished. It is remarkable that So the yew commencing 



.„ this period the price of Wheat in this country, in its 



ght into average, was below that which prevailed both in France 

 ease in and Belgium (evidencing the superior resources of thi« 



transport, and containing in a condensed form the ele- 

 ments of vegetable nutrition. There is a vast demand 

 for bone-dust. In South America cattle are slaughtered 

 to supply us with bones, and we cannot even predict how 

 important a branch of commerce may yet arise in the 

 importation of bones from Australia and our Asiatic 

 territories, for the improvement of our fields. The 

 manner in which bones act cannot accurately be ex- 

 plained, so many conflicting results being presented to 

 our consideration. Some are of opinion that in the case 

 of unboiled or unburned bones, the fertilizing action is 

 to be attributed to the organic matter they contain. 

 Others again state their action is to be traced to the 



The composition of the soil, whether 

 it be° exhausted more of organic or inorganic matter, 



Where the former may prove 



inorganic matter. 



should be kept in view. 



deficient, unboiled or unburned bones may be found 



more marked in their action ; -*«- - th ° ,a "" r thfi 



country under pressing circumstances;, in tne lonowing 

 year it rose to a medium between the averages of the 

 other two, but during the last three years (almost a 

 time of free importations) it has fluctuat. d at a price 

 exceeding that of the other two countries, although 

 there appears a gradually downward tend t* 



approximation, no doubt caused by the very large and 

 increasin importations of Wheat and W heat-flour from 

 its neighbouring rival during such period, farmer* 

 however, I am inclined to think, may yet encourage • 

 hone that the price of their produce will not perma- 

 nently be deteriorated so low as it is at the present 

 moment in this country. I so incline from considering 

 what has been the average price of W heat in I rant* 

 and Belgium during the last 22 years ; in the former th» 

 average of this period was 4.5*. 9<L, and m the latter 

 46s.' per English quarter. Compare these figures with 

 .,_.- 5.i a :» ,.ni h« uvufont whv the iarmera in 



perceptible. J France are now suffering a distress equal to those in 



wu m »«. «« u.». 8 . peict?pnuie. ( . _ ..._..._ j „„.,oiiv. oBmiPstin their comolaints. 



Since phosphate of lime and ammonia are among the chief 

 substances required by plants, may we not without 

 error attribute a double ffunction to bone manure , It 

 would be as equally unwise to burn bones for the sake of 

 their phosphates as it would guano for a like resul . 

 Bones are principally applied to the Turnip crop, though 

 their effects are equally good on other crops cultivated 

 for their roots. They are applied to Grass in the form 

 of bone dust, in this state being more easily converted 

 into food for plants, and more evenly extending over a 

 larger space of ground. In Cheshire, hones have been 

 applied to pasture land with much sum , an application 

 of 33 cwt. of bones per acre increased the value of worn 

 out pasture land to double-quadruple its value, and their 

 efficacy remained perceptible for 20 WB. JHmj 

 pasture land becomes exhausted of Pjowhate of lime, 



ty the cattle which feed * *-™\^» tt *S 

 beef and veal, the indirect products which carry it a aj . 



There is 1 lb.' of bone earth in eT«y SO f^-^Jg 

 and in 1| lbs. of bone the same quantity ; and for e ery 

 2 lbs. of phosphate of lime abstracted from { he «l»^ ,b »- 

 of bone earth would be required to supply, the dehc ency, 

 occasioned either by the selling of daoy F"£*£; 

 young stock or cereals. By feeding tfW?Z irth 

 upon bran, we could restore the loss of some of the earth 



Doubtless there are political and social causes m that 

 country, which, it must be admitted, have ope- 

 rated as well as productiveness from favourab e 

 m asons and improved agriculture, to produce a supply 

 greater than the demand, and a consequent lowness in 

 its monev value. May we not than N t that when 

 the unusual deteriorating circumstances shall subside 

 (and these cannot long continue, for labour must be 

 rewarded), that the price of corn in F ranee will be 

 "established at something like its former and more 

 normal value I and if so, we should haro than _notlnng 

 to fear in its effects on being introduced into our 

 markets France, last year, imported into tins country 

 , u t ontfourth of the whole Wheat produced received 

 bv us from our own colonies and all foreign countries 

 together, Prussia, even with so low an • w «JJ ii Pn" 

 as3l*.6d. per quarter, not being able successful ly to 

 ctmpete wiSi France, in sending I r r™j^*«* 

 markets. It is, then, the great and unusual deprecia on 



the very 



ing 



corn-growing 



country, 

 D|W i^tti^^-- nhosphate. ! powers, not only to provide 



J « " «****»* W J^^^L P ^Jano : I population, but to bo able to 



of ber neighbours. 



France, wnicn nas causcu 

 haft prevailed he re ; and, 



'lr*Usndin<* her large exports, snt> w** ■■ « — — 

 jmanaing ikm utrg r hitherto deemed a 



It is singular that France, nou m u«- 



price 



tti A IttHw. from the minutely dmaed staie ui w > 



should at once manifest 



for the wants of her owu 

 administer so largely to 



I do not know what is 





