THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 









5 f the 



'term ** whch that rent should be paid. The general 

 in tbis country is that the tenant is not called upon to 

 — mf rent till he has reaped and threshed part of the crop ; 

 kf England it is different— the tenant, in most cases, paying 



tthe first vear of his possession, and, consequently, before 

 JrL| reiped" any crop. The latter system, of course, 'requires 

 UgTctpital by the amount of rent on the part of the tenant, 

 5l i«D rather inclined to think that if it were generally 

 2Lfcd it would be for his benefit, as the system pursued in 



land by allowing tenants, with comparatively small 

 2t*L to come into the field of competition, keeps up a 



Hms Yalueof land. I do not think I am infringing upon 

 rjSes which are generally understood to prevail in all 

 Stiiesof this s.-rt met to discuss agricultural subjects, to 

 H7 that the law of hypothec acts injuriously to agriculture. 

 law I do not m^an to enter farther than to say. that 



first r- solution. 

 upon the same pr 



Leases had been fra. d~o7] 



jrincto e. «« if <■ :_ v ' 



ate \eara ill 



more pernici »ua 







ercaDtiie point ui y.ew, u.uu. *tucu agucuuure is oecoimng 



a profession than it was when the law of hypothec was 

 _^btd f it surely is an act of gross injustice to the public 

 .frail v that a landlord should have a preferable claim to 

 JJJry other creditor. The matter will no doubt be ultimately 

 ujkedupon ae an agricultural grievance which, in these davs 

 J free trade and no protection to any one party, we may hope 

 Hue abrogated in a very few years. Another most important 

 H^ia leases is in regard to steadings. The importance of a 

 l^ant having sufficient accommodation for the rearing and 

 feting of all kinds of stock cannot be overrated, and more 

 especially when he is now laid open to competition from all 

 letters of the world. There is another point which I must 

 JJtomit to notice, and that is as regards game, as, in most 

 euef, the game is generally reserved by the proprietor. This 

 eMect, I believe, has been the cause of more heart-burnings 

 b7 quarrels between landlord and tenant than almost any 

 e\er; and, betides, these iniquitous and unjust laws have 

 idded more than any other to the amount of crime in the 

 etBtry. There is no point on which a tenant should be more 

 parried than in taking a farm in the neighbourhood of a game 

 enerve, as although he may have provisions for damages, 

 Hill he is sure to find to his loss that these damages always 

 ill ihort of tho iujury done. Every tenant, in my opinion 

 esold have the power to shoot over his own farm ; and it has 

 IMD found, in every instance where a tenant has been granted 

 tUtn r, that the landlord has always had as much game as 

 eVed sufficient sport, and such a quantity at the same time 

 u irjuld do no great injury to the crops. In England I am 

 itaretbat the most scientific farmers do not care for leases 

 ttiil, provided they have tenant right ; and I am quite of that 

 ©pinion myself; that I would rather farm a land with no lease 

 mdwith tenant right, than with the generality of leases and 

 so tenant right. It the two, however, can be judiciously com- J 

 liaedin the manner I have stated, a system would be formed 

 whereby the tenant would not only be encouraged to improve 

 Xht condition of his land, but have a motive to maintain it in 

 taat condition, whereby the landlord would be secured of his 

 land being permanently improved, and of its yielding him a 

 glister return by another lease, whereby the country would be 

 idrtntaged by a higher cultivation, and the public benefited 

 *y an increased productiveness of the soil. Before sitting 

 town, I beg, in connection with the remarks I have made to 

 propose the following resolutions :— 1st. It is of the utmost 

 ■portance to the progress of agriculture, that an intelligent 

 Md friendly relation should subsist between landlord and 

 tenant, whereby confidence should be secured between the 

 )Ht,es,8o that their intereste should harmonise, and everv 

 awns should be taken by the principal contracting party to 

 •*bh*h and consolidate that system which is best suited to 

 it respective districts. 2d. The first external symptoms of an 



Sem nf ^f a */ icolttt . re »™ a PP*rent in a wefi-regulated 

 ■t?u Jn .♦ cr ?PP 1D ft but that ^ experience of one 



ESfj Inrf t6 |? f rpetuat ? d inlea *es from one generation to 

 ■other, and what was suited for one stage of agriculture 



^}*^?t* W *?? US Pr °* re88 iQ another^Sd That 

 ZZ of ^PJ^lL . CDant ^ unexhau8ted improvements at 

 *tt£ h ^^ to maintain the soil 



shoes, or any other article nfJL fa . rmin £ wat"7ike' making 

 all climates weie X^^^^ all land an! 



than this when applied to prVctiel f »rr« i " , 

 agreed with the Litter part of t li resoln i U ltUPe ; 1!e « ui * 

 s.idthat -every means should b ^ ta^n b ^ nr— S WM 

 trading party to establish and consul dveih^ B P rinc, P al c '- 

 is beat suited to the respective dhtric . " Th' ? y * tem fr,,kh 

 them as .they are writtenout, ^ £ ijJtrL^' £> 



ria^es " X n f e , rre , d t0 , th - e two P*!™**. "kane" and "car 

 ^:^r a nTlltZ^r- t0 - leaSe8 ' ^""erUIng «»« « 



which 



to ennble them' *n,e," h?ti» «. ™ , "'" "' n W«2«« 

 would so re.trict Xtln « ? m.t V. ' 1 ""' OI " er ''» ud . *• 

 IUmo» complained ha Mr Lan^.UhadV f B »p«"*M*. - Mr. 

 view what he started with that 5.JJ, ™ l *"°»" b " °« Of 

 h Barley conld be ^Z\^Ty^'\"Z i ' tiimt, c "« in 

 of farms generally, and ha was affirm*? i"' "" •P**"*ln(r 



the benefit of farms genera^llv'sufi?^,^*' wavU «* « 

 take two white crop* ,n sucee.s.Jn n n,^" j*™ 1 * aot 

 during the 1. st two years of rhe e!se sJSS^Sfr "J"** 

 proper tenant-right? full con.pen.ation f or T,«\ '''''J^ ^ 

 proveroents, ihere wou d be no nece.;,7» rl "•* x,1 " u »««d ina» 

 •Hear, hear). If, however? tkrTw. ' J be'^^'^'ttt 

 mim a | Sv) be landlord-right, and if a tenant ?- H * hMbere 

 Uod. he must also pay hi,' landlord comLt^l™** .¥* 



amount of that deterioration. 



compa,„.Uon for the 



witlmu reference ^t all to th n iT' ntS » 2 iten , " ut inf <> lewei 

 farm R» >, •f^ti . ?, th , elr be,n * f P art of th e value of the 

 awrv' W ?hth£ t & f ,an ! 11 ? rd9 w » u 'd *ee it their duty to do 

 tr"nL^:!!m. h !i e ° ld J2*« ««?«•. ™* P'ace their business 



transactions on a business footing'.-Mr Russell KM-m.V 



-Leaae arinff „ ° tne - m *"^of rotations, spoke as folio 

 tatinn t« 6 ? fc * me * ver 3' absurdly in the matter of 



tation. In some leases which have r^riot f,a^.iIui-V 



♦va 

 ro. 



land Vh»Vl 5-1 I • nave res P«ct to certain kinds of 



land, there is a great aversion sho*n towards Wheat being too 



a-«jSSS^5*Ra8as 



. • »*"«»» * "*««y »ay, eniireiv ari 



exhausted after carrvne Wheat whv U u »»,«♦. mucii 



crop of Barley? The --» --^J Wh ?.,' 8 lt . able t0 8'ow a good 

 mockery to the other. 



practice of takfng Barle, aftlr \vh.. t """ ""V. ia * ,h " t tb « 

 bad farming... WS^J^ttltffgg* 

 itT™! " gain " ■ ,h * Chai'rman Si&Ut S» 



urcen rnv.i aV>^,,i i u . u " i»i»i miiernata wnitf? aod 



^.e 1 : arm ^ ? 3 vr- of ** 



Miscellaneous. 



Iht American Rea^h,., to 

 an extract from a report of the jury amiouitcd bx !."« 

 eommtttee of the Cleveland Agricultural' .^22, o„ J 

 comparative merit, of the rW r i„« machiui of% r 

 M'Comuek and Mr 0. lUmoy, tVicS and (Sd J£ 



1851 :— "The jury regret cxceodi.»»K . ».. ,„«-»/■... ..!» 

 able state of the weatl 



l'h< following is 



i'> d hoftirt 



,, — ,>t. 2. f >and '27, 



ceedmgly th. mot* unfav . ur- 



i ,, . -'"won thedawof trial fa iH-rf t 



hurricane blowing the whole of the fit " " ^ 



and aatufactory a 

 The machine* were 



consequent inability to make bo M\ ** * y) ' ^ Uldr 

 trial as they could have wished. 



acre, very short in the straw, and, If'poaiWe,"^, laid 



the fertility of land by Wheat, because it will not pay any one 

 to sow it where the land is out of condition. " * 



You must employ 



Jitv.o ey i™ h ' ch arethe real «courgers, simply became 



they can maintain a much more successful struggle in Toor 

 worn-out and foul land than Wheat can do. T, P 



Till* rt™* ****** w heat to the same wretched condi. 

 s you can do with Oats and Barley, .and at the same time h 

 ny chance of doing it so profitably Then, would it not sr 



acre, very much laid ; and on Barley at 25 bm-lu'ls 



as 



a 



condition at its termination. 



torefoludon' said Th^' w 8econdin S th « adoption of the 

 Seta hi E'l.™™ ■ WaS 0ne stat ««>ent in the resolution 

 htttsnri ffi Tery , ln ?P ort ant, to the effect that " an Intel- 



ff tenant in ^^T,^ 0uld 8ubsUt between landlord 

 5r wi it ^«i,„ that their int «eat 8 should harmonise." 

 SiJvWnfin ^ ■ t0 . f make th em harmonise! In all 

 K «eU?rXnM . i 1 ? '?- S . the « en ^ally-received maxim 



teTsscheaDlT « ^.. , a - s h ^ h as he could . and the b W 



SS y f t • r° U<I - iNow " in ^dividual cases, and 



te» Cnd th«„ t m • 1 . lmi . tS thi8 maxim was a correct one, 



1*3 ^«ident ?h»M US " Came t0 be far froln ^f«- " wai 

 •Si to i llTJtn ^ CM ? , »«e«al transactions, if any party 

 ♦"he than *h! ng i» ° 6d pe u" od 8el1 their articles at a h gher 

 *mths She f . fl «° rtb - and tbe * knew of ™°* instances 

 *ee, wheX the 1 °° n . er or . later a reaction must take 

 "fcw». In fart th. m *?i Tea in tbe l0 °S run were the 

 "«" >nv Wnd 1 of n"n? ? 0al t ao t exlst a condition of matters 

 "^'oretain Us v»inf K y 60 ' d above itfl value c ™ ld continue 

 ■W *• losers and * ' because those who are purchasing it 

 l«"lCheir rtl tb ° 8e Wb °r are 8ellin S ie mu8t bB losers by 

 ^ landlord w™ ' S, Ho Y did th » apply to agriculture ! 

 «». bnt he Vis in P th y - . DOt exact] y inth e position of a 

 *wbenereMh v f„ ^P 081 , 11011 of a lessor - He lets his land, 

 *^s the hi, wt UDd ^ landlord actin & » n ^e principle 

 ' action m U s 8 ta k * J at f °\ hl i land ' there they would find 

 ^ihimseif Tt PaCe wh .ch would ultimately injure the 

 P^'ond would ," " as a8 elf-evident truth that moderately- 

 ^ttan high «„™^ e ^B run better remunerate the land- 



"** the tenJm d lftnd for a g hort ti 



mJ. . e 'enant waa inuiii,«.n. . 



™oM.-oui, ana tout land than Wheat can do. You cannot 

 5^«*F* la ? d b * W heat to the same wmchea cUdWon 



ave 



t^n?„ de f th rf°^ th , ° f ,° a , tS and Barle ^ as a «eana of main! 

 tainingr fertili jin land, than the suicidal one of being afraTd 



that too great an extent of Wheat will be grown. Whiat will 



on y be grown when the land is in a condition to do so. The 



cultivation of Wheat in the general farming of Scotland has 



«nr ft l?l/. inC *h aS , ed 7 U V5 e larger amount of * tock and mmurl , 



n^firJhu f. d wJ d0 not ™ ean to BeL * whether it is more machine leaves 



p.ofitable to grow Wheat or the other spring crops at present 

 prices ; bu this I will maintain that it shows\reit iterance 

 of practical agriculture to discourage the growth of Wheat on 

 the supposition that it deteriorates and wastes the land for it 

 should rather be looked upon as a test of its condition and im- 

 provement that it is able to grow it. Let landlords and 

 tenants, then, endeavour to follow such courses as will pro- 

 mote good farming. Our agricultural sjstem is underpin* a 

 severe trial; we have much need of encouragement • it has 

 tallen upon us to feel and bear the change which has taken 

 place ; we are in the foreground, but those who are above us 

 must look upon us as their representatives, who are endeavour- 

 ing to the best of their ability to bear up under the pressure of 

 the times. And no one can deny that the present condiion of 

 the tenantry has every claim to the sympathy and considera- 

 tion of the proprietary, and with the actual results of changes 

 before them, their claims will not be plied in vain.— Mr. 

 Haxton said he wished to say one word with regard to the 

 important question of the rotation of crops. There were, no 

 doubt, instances in which Barley could be successfully grown 

 after Wheat, but he thought, as a general principle, it might 

 be said that a grain crop extracted from the soil that which a 

 green crop did not extract. If that were correct, all the* had 

 to do was to grow a white crop for sale and a green crop for 

 consumption— a white crop to pay the rent, and a green crop to 

 be consumed on the farm to supply manure and keep up the 

 fertility of the land. In these circumstances, the thing was 

 narrowed to a small point — a grain and a green crop alter- 

 nately. It required no laboured paragraphs to say in a lease 

 that no^ two white crops shall be grown in succession. This 

 proposition would meet most cases, and would leave the 

 tenant a wide margin upon which to work, as he might grow 

 Wheat, Barley, or whatever he chose, provided he had a green 

 crop intervening. The old-fashioned system of so much for 

 fallow and so much for the different kinds of crops, tied a man 

 down too much : but during the last years of a lease it would 



than the Wheat .The jun /taking the dim T^S 

 submitted to their consideration, express— - 1 Their 

 unanimous opinion, that Mr. I lintey'a machine, as exhi- 

 bited by Messrs. William Dray and Co., cut the earn in 

 the best manner, especially aero* ridge and furrow, 

 and when the machine was working in the direction the 

 com laid. 2. By a majority of 1] to 1, that Mr. 

 Hussey s machine caused the least waste. 3. Taking 

 the breadth of the two machines into consideration, th 

 Mr. Hussey'g did most work. 4. That Mr. 1 limey' 



the cut corn in the best order for 

 gathering and binding. This question waa submitted to 



the labourers employed on the occasion, and decided by 

 them, as above, by a majority of 6 to 4. 5. Their 

 unanimous opinion that Mr. llussey's machine is best 

 adapted for ridge and furrow. 6. That Mr. llussey's 

 machine at first cost is less price. The trials to place 

 on the farm of Kobert Fawcitt, of Ormesby, near Mid- 

 dlesborough-on-Tees, who, in the most liberal and dig- 

 interested spirit, allowed his crops to be trodden down 

 and damaged to a very great extent, especially on the 

 25th, when, in spite of the storm, an immense crowd 

 assembled to witness the trials. The jury cannot con- 

 elude their report without expressing the great pleasure 

 they have derived from seeing two machines brought 

 into competition that were able to do such very good 

 work ; and also at witnessing the friendly, straightfor- 

 ward, and honourable way, in which the exhibitors of 

 the machines met on this occasion." Mowing Chronicle. 

 Qorse.— Thomas Matthews, Esq., of Park Hall, near 

 Kidderminster, in a letter to Mr. Saunders, states that 

 he took a field of 1 acres for cultivating Gorse, at a 

 rent of 10 . per acre; the soil was of a thin, light 

 character, intermixed with very coarse gravel, resting 

 upon red sand. The seed was sown in 1842, in drills, 



me. When land was 



giving more than the natural value 



?? r > manure int^ excess of produce after paying for into no lease for his land unless he could grow two white crops in 

 Ir^er the rpnV - ere8t of capital, aud tenant's profit ; and succession.— Mr. Haxton said Mr. Russell had informed them 

 J** one or till was .nu>re than that 



excess, it must encroach 



5* *ith him ^1 con . tmu aUy hampered. It was up-hill 

 ^ land, ft*- 11 gl?iD S more than tb 

 &> manure \Z* the exce88 of P™iuce 

 ^nhe/enV wl ere8t of c »P**al. aud tena 



* 0Q e or other ZP^° Te than that exce *s, Jt 



7. 1 Coached inll e8 ? 0urce8 of Produce. He believed it 

 ■Br 4 **; UDon h£ tenant's profits, then his capital, and 



Er* to draw in h • CXpenditure * Whenever the tenant was 

 ^laodbeeins t, ls /*Pe n , dlt ureontheland, then the produce 

 fifr wUl suffer in . t eU ? w it8 normal quantity, and bath 



2r fiae <l rent n7n i Clr0Umgtance8 ' ( A PP lau * e O Mb* 

 22 calculation X? P !^ J ' tQe thin £ became a matter of 



£? *<>re as rpni tl . 1 who had land t0 take - U they 

 ST'kterest nf *~' ? e *cess of produce over manure, 

 2!° ^me Tiff %? nd tenant's profit, they had them- 



25 for taking rnr!£5 0ul 2 hardl * blame thelandlords of the 

 ^dirt»k. u e I noreforthAit.i««^ ♦! :* i »*. How 



12 inches apart, and at the rate of 20 lbs. per acre ; it 



was cut the second year after sowing, and in I h cembcr, 



1845, the crop was weighed and found to produce nine 



, — . — _ .._ .„. BJ ^«.o v . « ,„„„« .„ ^v^.v, tons to the acre. Gorsc arrives at maturity in four 



be necessary to specify that a certain quantity of Grass should years, and should be cut everv vear • for thin niirnna* * 

 be left upon the farm, and that being specified, he did not think { 7 ! snouia oe cut every year , lor Uus purpose a 



broad strong scythe is used \ the cost per acre, with 

 assistance in loading, being 16$, per acre. _From 

 January 1st to April 26th, 1846, Mr. Matthe 

 eight horses and 16 cows, consuming each two bushels 

 per day, and 100 ewes, eating 12 bushels per day, making 

 a daily consumption of 60 bushels — say 400 bushels 

 weekly, 2£ tons, a heaped bushel weighing 14 lbs. The 

 Gorse, after being cut, is passed through three rollers of 

 different velocities, at one operation, and the weekly 

 expense of providing for the above animals is stated as 

 follows 



it would be necessary to epecify how many acres of white aud 

 green crops should be grown.— Mr. Rossell, Newmiln, had 

 some difficulty in acquiescing in Mr. Haxton's principle. So 

 far as his own experience went, it was not the principle upon 

 which he would like to work his farm. One very important 

 green crop with him he held to be Clover ; and he knew well, 

 trom experiments he had made, that he never had Clover at all 

 like a crop unless following Barley after Wheat — two successive 

 white crops. It might be peculiarity of soil, but he would enter 



4 th 



for their land than its real worth. 



J5? Ioff «'Sfor?t if S ^ fari «ers after one farm, and never 



Shelves to hla C . h above che value of the land ? The y 

 J.? lue of a*Hn, i ln 8uch circumstances. (Hear, hear.) 

 i ] li >eir cat»i u ? ural produce had suddenly changed, 

 Ei^ *«ceiTiuV ? S had been frustrated, because they 

 2?% bareai„li ? m the produce of the *oil what they 

 er ^ Where ther 



* dI *'* to ffi Ce * U was a 

 * » " O0 took tii i into ac coui 



^^Ponsibilitvi a 5 d under these hi » h rate8 ' There 



£j!* *Jder Shrher 2F Where there were existing leases 

 C? landlord t* ? I i lce8 ' U was a matter of moral duty 



-^ »ho takfi 1n»A 4. A i_ _ M*±t ^e a.!*! 



take into account the condition of his 



»..- t «nant l » l in t ii. Iald u P° n *tbem ; they had their own 





than C ^ rG8t to look a, ter.' If their tenants were 

 a "s natural value for the land, it was 



%*3 w<j uld .JJj i0e / theinse,ve8 must ultimately suffer; 

 ^kS^d a, 1 ,^ rst b ^ tbe tenant's taking as much 



JNiord. 



'would enable him to meet the demands of 

 ! y««.tin ere 0ne or two other Points which be 



'"ce, as coming more particularly uuder tht 



he could not grow good crops of Clover unless with Barley after 

 Wheat. He (Mr, H.) knew a farmer who grew white and green 

 crops alternately, Clover coming in every eight years, and the 

 Clover was always first-rate. He believed that in East Lothian 

 — and the land there was as good as Mr. Russell's— they did not 

 take Barley after Wheat. They always took Turnips after 

 Wheat, and then Barley, and then Clover. If Mr. Russell 

 would extend his rotation to seven or eight years he would 

 grow as good Clover as after Barley. With regard to Mr. 

 Russell's and Mr. Mitchell's remarks about the rules of good 

 husbandry, he would say that a landlord wa* entitled to insist 

 on a green crop alternately if their land was not sufficiently 

 good to grow Barley after Wheat. In general cases it was not 

 for the advantage of farmer or landlord that two white crops 

 should follow each other. He would give the tenant every 

 liberty at the beginning of his lease, bu% in justice to the land- 

 lord, would say, at the end of the lease, that he should put the 

 Iandin such a condition that itcould be readily let.— Mr. Shaw 

 said it could not be counted bad farming where a tenant 

 succeeded in raising an excellent crop of Clover even by sowing 

 Barley after Wheat.— Mr. Landale, Coalzie, said he thought 

 the tenant ought to be left entirely to his freedom in the matter 

 of cropping. Mr, Haxton had referred to farms in England 

 where Clover came in orice in eight \ears ; but if on good land 

 they could pr«^ 'ice Clover once in five years by growing Barley 

 after Whea ely that system must be considered rnmea- 



surably sup* * the one which only produced ir once in jht 



years. It w >st extraordinary fact that the premium for 



five acres of -w-*i^at taken that day was for Wheat sown after 

 Oats by Mr. Honeyman. If Mr. Haxton's sjstem of alternate 

 white and green crops had be^'i carried out, they wouid not 



Rent and taxes, 6s. ; cutting, 8s. ; carting, 4*. ; 

 man and boy attending the machine, three half days, 

 4s. 6d. ; power, coal, (one ton), 6$. Gd.; engine-man three 

 half days, 6s. ; making a total of II. lSs. f the cost per ton 

 being 14$. ; but as double the quantity may be done for 

 the same cost, if carried on upon a larger scale, the cost 

 per ton may be more accurately stated at 7*. per ton. The 

 simple machinery required might easily be added to 

 water corn mills, thus still further economising the cost 

 of crushing. Mr. Matthews sometimes mixes equal parts 

 of cut hay and straw, in the proportion of two-thirds 

 Gorse to one-third cut hay and straw. The horses work 

 upon it with less corn than with any other description of 

 food. For barren cows it has constituted their entire 

 food, and they thrive upon it as well as upon the besfc^ 

 meadow hay. To milking cows he gives two pounds of 

 oilcake daily, with the above mixture. The Gorse imparts 

 to milk and butter a sweet and agreeable flavour. Be 

 give his ewes, 1 00 in number, 25 lbs. per day of oilcake, 

 with their Gorse, and they have done well ; their lambs 

 are better than any in the neigh hour hood, and he did 

 not lose one, although <jreat mortality prevailed around 



him. flfofef on Lancashire Agi ult c 





