46 



1851.] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



PERUVIAN GUANO. 

 iAUTION TO AGRICULTURISTS. 



It Wiog notorious that extensive adulterations of this 



wa^CBE ar* »till carried on, 



* A * ANTONY ftIBB3 A*D SONS. AS THE 



ONLY I Vf PORTERS OF PERUVIAN GUANO, 



r nfidef it to be their duty to the Peruvian Government and 



• the Public again to recommend Farmers and all others who 



7'29 



to to be carefully on their guard. 



hase will 



The character of the parties from whom they pur 

 */*darse be the best security, aud in addition to particular 

 itootiou to that point, ANTONY GIBBS and SONS think it 

 £ t ]l to remind buyers that— 



flu lowest wholesale price at which sound Peruvian 

 foano has been sold by them during the last two years 

 it 9/. os. per ton, less 2\ per cent. 



ixij resales made by dealers at a lower price must therefore 

 Jther leave a loss to them* or the article must be adulterated. 



MANURES. — The following Manures are manu- 

 factured at Mr. Lawes's Factory, Deptford Creek : 



Clover Manure, per ton £11 



Turnip Manure, do. 7 



Superphosphate of Lime 7 o 



Sulphuric Acid and Coprolites 5 



Office, 69, King William-street, City, London. 

 X.B. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 16 per cent, of 

 Ammonia, 91. 10*. per ton ; and for 5 tons or more, 91. 5*. per 



in dock. Sulphate of Ammonia. <fcc. 



(which was written at the suggestion of Mr. Napier, 

 M.P., and is dedicated to Lord M nu*u) 9 we are 

 disposed to think we are not taking an unwarrant- 

 able liberty in calling attention to it. 



The work is divided into two principal parts, and 

 subdivided into chapters and sections, with th sub- 

 ject of each distinguished, so that any specific in- 

 formation (whether relating to the technicalities of 

 Acts of Parliament or to the author's remarks on 

 any of the numerous topics discussed) may be found 

 without loss of time or confusion of ideas. 



The first part, of which the Hinge is very copiou 

 and diversified, embraces everything that concerns 

 leases and tenure 



of land generally in Ireland. 



leasing power — length of term 



rent in an improvement lease — 



and corn rent — taxes — reserva- 



ren 



THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY beg to 



1 offer PERUVIAN GUANO, warranted perfectly genuine ; 

 Superphosphate of Lime, Wheat Manure. Concentrated Urate, 

 IrifA P«at Charcoal, Gypsum, Nitrate of Soda, aud every arti- 

 ItUi Manure, on the best terms. Also a constant supply of 

 Salt for Agricultural purposes, at a low rate. English and 

 foreign Linseed Cake, Rape Cake. &c. 



Edwabd PoasER. Secretary, Bridge.street, Black friars* 



FARMERS AND GARDENERS are invited to try 

 theNEW and VALUABLE MANURE PEAT CHARCOAL, 

 impregnated by pressure with the fertilising matter of the 

 London Sewage, the Ammonia, Phosphates, and Faeces being 

 lUorbed, and the water left bright and palatable, bold at the 

 Charcoal and Sewage Works, Stanley Bridge, Fulhatn, Middlc- 

 , at 60>. per ten, 4s. p er cwt., and 2$. 6d. per half c«t. 



0YAL SOCIETY for the PROMOTION and 



IMPROVEMENT of the GROWTH of FLAX in IRE- 

 U3D.-The ANNUAL MEETING of the Society will take 

 9ltce on Friday, the 28th inst., at 12 o'clock, in the Society's 

 Room?, Commercial Buildings, Belfast, to receive the Anuual 

 Report of the Committee, to elect Office-bearers for the enauing 

 year, and to transact such other business as may be brought 

 forwari, Bv order, James Macadam, Secretary. 



Belfast, Nov. 1, 1851. 



THE BIRMINGHAM CATTLE ar7d~Y0ULTRY 



A SHOW.— The THIRD GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBITION 

 of FAT CATTLE and the various kinds of DOMESTIC 

 POULTRY will be held in the Bingley Exbibitiom Hall, 

 BIRMINGHAM, on the Dth, 10th, 11th, and 12th ot December 

 lot. The PRIVATE VIEW on TUE&DAY, December 9. 



under these heads 

 valuation of the 



abatement of rent, 



tions — fences— repairs — fixtures — cultivation 

 letting — conacre and cottage allotments 

 — remedies for rent— ejectments. As m he sup- 

 posed from this enumeration, there is much refer- 

 ence to law forms aud technicalities ; but it is with- 

 out the pedantry or the mystification of law, and 

 there is throughout a great deal of acute observation 

 offered in a common-sense way and in a popular style, 

 which, when the occasion admits of it, rises into 

 writing of a superior order. 



Under the head of cultivation we find, after some 

 preliminary allusions to the established customs re- 

 garding the course of husbandry in England and 

 Scotland, the usage in Ireland thus distinguished 

 from that in Great Britain : — " In very 



th 



tern. Wherever the allot n t sv 



Hem * practicable 

 and safe, it appears certainly to be preferable to the 



conacr because the tenan" . ts a more permanent 

 ii Test in the land than the conacre tenant, who haa 

 no interest beyond taking as much out of crop as 

 he can, and, accordingly, cannot be expected to cul- 

 tivate it so well as the farmer himself would ; and 

 the allotment system would h e another important 

 advantage, namely, in emancipating the cotiier 

 tenants from the tyranny and extortion of the small 

 farmers, who QSM to exai he most extravagant 

 rents for the wretched hovels in which the peasant 

 was doomed to drag out his dreary exi* nee. The 

 conacre system, with the poor c ler tenant, not 

 only extorted every farthing of money that he had, 

 but gener illy managed to keep him in debt, and in 



the farmer, lie 



absolute dependence 



west, the only 



many parts 

 of Ireland, but more especially in the south and 



course of husbandry practised 

 has been frequent corn crops, with an occasional 

 Potato crop between them. In other cases, it 

 Potatoes succeeded by Wheat, the stubble of which 

 being dug in, they sowed Potatoes again without 

 manure, and afterwards Wheat and Oats ; and then 

 they ploughed or manured, or let it remain fallow 

 one year, and so on again. But in the northern and 

 item counties the value of a rotation of crops has 

 been more justly appreciated and followed, and 

 Flax has become, perhaps, the most important 

 member of the series ; and it has been generally 

 found, that less than a four years* course is too short 

 to be of much practical utility. The mischief of the 

 repetition of white crops, and the immense value, 

 both directly and indirectly, of green crops is, no 

 doubt, beginning to be sensibly felt ; and we are led 

 to hope, that in the course of a few years, this prac- 

 tice shall have received such an universal recogni- 

 tion as to amount to a legal usage binding on tenants 

 who are less sensible of its importance ; while land- 

 lords are beginning more generally, by covenants in 

 their leases, and in their parol lettings, by their in- 



u :ne farmer. lie re- 



labour, but ga>-' so many 



of his cabin and plot of 



ground. The labour was taken from him at the 



ime of year when it was moat valuable, and during 



the rest of the year he was provided with none f 



and having no money, was advanced meal or Pota- 



sub- ceive <l «o money for his 



ants ! d:i > v work for the rent 

 S11TW ground. The labour was 



toes 



work 



b 



i ny 

 ked 



to be 



the fanner, at exorbitant prices, 

 otf in labour with the rent ; and so long 

 as the small middlemen farmers could exact these 

 large rents from the unfortunate labouring cottien 

 they suffered the annoyance of havio hem in th 

 midst of their farms ; but the moment they ceased 

 to be profitable they were tuned off the laud, and 

 became the first inmates of the poor-house and 

 victims of the hospital. 1 ' 



We should observe that much of the information 



contained in the book is condense,! from the testi- 





being of the country." 



One of the peculiarities of Irish agriculture has 

 been (may we safely use the past tense ?) the system 



. What 



of land-letting, known by the term 

 the derivation of this expression may be we have 

 never heard, even as conjecture. Be its origin 

 what it may, the inconstancy of employment, and 



ively low rates of wages to the cottier, 





Che Agricultural ©alette* 



SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1851. 



MEETINGS FObIpHE TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 



THi/MfDii, Not. 20 -Agricultural Iiup.Soc.oflTeiand. 

 Tavauai. — ^-Agricultural Imp. Soc.o/ Ireland. 



At this crisis of Ireland's social condition, and in 

 the prospect of her agricultural improvement, it is 



of great importance that every legal impediment to I ... _- . 



the satisfactory arrangement of the relations between Auence and control, to insist upon an observance of 

 landlord and tenant should be removed, so that both a system which has become essential to the well- 

 these parties which have so deep an interest in the 

 adjustment of their differences — present or prospec- 

 tive—shall clearly understand their mutual rights 

 and privileges, and feel secure in their dealings with 

 each other. Until what is called the land question 

 j* pat to rest, the letting of lands will be more or 

 w delayed, the outlay of capital on permanent 

 improvements withheld, and the emigration of the 

 labourers of the country continued till there may 

 n( lp h ? nds sufficient to cultivate the soil. 



Will it be credited that there are more than a 

 n?ndred statutes respecting land tenure in Ireland ? 

 le t, such is the fact ; and the stringency of the 

 P&ter part of them is in favour of the landlord. 



o wonder that there should be complexities, incon- 

 **teiicies, and abuses, in the transactions between 

 ^ord and tenant. The glorious uncertainty of 

 titk * s P rover bial even in simpler matters ; but, 

 J a ^ch a multiplicity of Acts of Parliament affect- 

 *S what ought to be clear and definite to every one 

 cerned in it, and plain dealing, as between man 

 man in general, there can be no systematic 



£. ^Wished in the rural economy of Ireland. 

 *fe I v ^s^ssing the political anc 

 en have rendered the land-tenure question so 



«toit ki W to tenants see ^ing what they consider 

 iL ? rights, and displeasing to landlords pos 



™^ but illusive ~ * V „ * 



some of the principal 



monv of intelligent and well-informed witnesses 

 who were summed by the Dkvon commissioners. 



The second part, which extends to 150 pages, is 

 devoted to the yucstio ata of tenant i bt, under 

 the heads of tenant right of Ulster — tenant right of 

 occupancy — tenant right of compensa n for im- 

 provements, involving the principle of compensation 

 — ascertainment of claims, ana payment of com- 

 pensation — are embraced all points in natural con- 

 nection with the subject. 



Lord Montkaglf, who, in August last, moved in 

 the House of Lords for a commission to inquire 

 and report on the subject of land tenure in Ireland, 

 failed in obtaining it, but this matter cannot remain 

 in its present unsettled state. " The difficulty of 

 legislating upon tenant right is sufficiently evidenced 

 by the number and variety of enactments that have 

 been from time to time proposed on the subject, and 

 the abandonment of them all successively." 



Those who have attempted, as we have done, 

 to deduce from the body of evidence some definite 

 conception of the true nature of the custom of 

 tenant right, can well understand the difficulty 



melts 



away 



that, 



of legislating upon a phantom that 

 under every attempt to define it, and 

 chameleon-like, appears to assume a different aspect 

 every time it presents itself, so that even the same 

 individual person seldom can be found to speak upon 

 it twice in consistent terms. It is at one time 



and social causes 





*« afciit ;™** privileges m many instances, 

 «gl bnefly advert to s 



J^Z/ft measures proposed for the quietude of 

 l^d hi this respect, by two members of the Irish 



%f n " t ^" e ' P er haps, an apology to these gentlemen 

 ^j^ttcing thus publicly a work professedly tu- 



ft 



We . 

 t 



nil 4 ^ r private circulation only ; but considering 

 li'l^ pages of a goodly octavo, when sent into 

 ^Bic/r canno ' really remain a confidential com- 

 **do f* *° ^ en ^ s 5 an ^ approving cordially, as 

 >^f the style, matter, and spirit of the book 



" ThT~T — I K 



JSrid with ni i re aiu * Jrap'ovement of Land in Ireland con- 

 7* T»inV«. nce to tbe Relation of Landlord and Tenant, 

 2*iw y ^gbt." By William Dwm Febgcsow and 

 ^l|fi r™ B * r rUter»-at-Law (for private circulation). 



•*. MiLLiKKN, College Green, 1851. 



the 



obliged him to seek for a rood or more of land from 

 a farmer or proprietor, to whom he was bound to 

 pay from 4J. to 121. per (Irish) acre, according to 

 the quality and condition of the land, and its being 

 manured or otherwise for him. This was analogous 

 to the English allotment system, but differing from 

 the latter in two essential particulars ; 1st, the 

 greater extent of land rented by the cultivator ; and, 

 secondly, the almost exclusive culture of a late sort 

 of Potato, without any attempt at intercalary or 

 successive crops, during nine months' occupation of 

 the allotment. The conflicting decisions of law 

 courts, respecting the cases of litigated claims for the 

 rent of conacre land, especially when the crop failed 

 and the farmer was left to his remedy on the con- 

 tract, was among the evils of the system, and these 

 are dwelt upon in the legal points of view, by the 

 learned authors of the book before us. The altered 

 circumstances of Ireland, arising from the combined 

 results of the repeated failures of the Potato crop, 

 the emigration of the peasantry, the increase of 

 steady employment at remunerating wages to those 

 who remain in the country, and the energies of new 

 proprietors and farmers, will, we hope, occasion the 

 total extinction of a system which is only tolerable 

 under a very defective state of the labour market, 

 and of money wages. But we desire to see the 

 English allotment system, or some approved modi- 

 fication of it, established in Ireland. We were not, 

 indeed, prepared for the announcement contained in 

 the beginning of the paragraph we here quote : 

 11 The great body of the proprietors in Ireland have 

 lately turned their attention to the English allot- 

 ment system, as a preferable mode of accommodating 

 the agricultural labourers to the Irish conacre sys- 





described as a right of the tenant to dispose of his 

 holding fpr a valuable, consideration, although he 

 himself be tenant at will, and have expended nothing 

 on valuable improvements ; at another time as a 

 right of continued occupation by the tenant, subject 

 to the payment of the rent to which the premises 

 are liable, or such change of rent as may afterwards 

 be settled from time to time by fair valuation, with 

 a right to sell the occupation to any solvent tenant 

 to whom the landlord shall not make reasonable 

 objection ; or less reservedly, as a system of abso- 

 lute perpetuity at a valuation rent, or as an absolute 

 perpetuity in a farm, subject to a fair rent, to have 

 and to hold to the tenant, his heirs, &c, for ever ; 

 or, as claimed in Tipperary, the natural vested right 

 of the people of Ireland, by the grant of God, to the 

 soil of Ireland, to the extent of full, comfortable, 

 secure, and independent existence ; or when pre- 

 sented to the British public, in the more specious 

 and winning form of compensation for improve- 

 ments, a right of occupancy depends on an expendi- 

 ture of capital and labour ; or a right which the 

 tenant has, if he has laid out anything in improve- 

 ments, and subsequently happens to become unfortu- 

 nate, to sell his interest, and get compensation for 

 his improvements ; or as an equitable claim, whereby 

 the tenant, having expended capital in valuable 

 mprovements, or having purchased or inherited the 

 occupation of them, has enjoyed the privilege of 

 selling his interest, subject to the approbation of the 

 landlord ; or as the full value of all unexhausted 

 improvements in the soil, whether inherited, pur- 

 chased, or created by the labour or capital of the 

 tenant farmer." All these definitions of claims are 

 marked by the authors as accurate quotations from 

 the various authorities, whether conservative or 

 violently democratical, from which they are taken. 

 [ The British landlord and the British tenant may well 



i 



