780 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



Dei VaUeTfhe Conde, VerKana-in-Giupoiscoa, Spain. 

 Eikesworeh. Thomas, Chesterfield.pl ace, Weymou b 



\m 9 WsEic. Lord, Governor of the Island of Trinidad. 

 « ,r jtor>, Augustus, Pentillie Castle, Cornwall, 

 •acocke, Montague, Pylewell, Lyrmngton, Hants. . 



jott, Sir William, Bart., Ancrum House, «Jedburgn, 



^JackK^obn S., Bank of Mona, Douglas, Isle of Man. 

 >Iay, John, Bath-road, Reading, Berkshire. 

 Wright, George, Chapel Farm* Dorking, Surrey. 

 James, William, Mavpowder, Blandford, Dorset. 

 MacClintock, H. Stanley, Randal's Town County Antrim. 

 Bull*?, Rev. Frederick, Fellow of Magd. College, Oxford 

 Stonehewer, William Scott, 10, Brunswick-terrace, Brighton. 

 Pye, William, Oaklands, St. Alban's, Herts. 



The names of 17 candidates for election at the next 

 Monthly Council were then read. 



Finances.— Mr. Raymond Babker, Chairman of the 

 Finance Committee, presented the report on the accounts 

 of the Society, to the end of the previous month ; from 

 which it appeared that the current cash-balance in the 

 hands of the bankers at that date was 781 1. 



The Duke of Richmond, Chairman of the 



read the following 



Mr. Hornsby, Mr. Miles, M.P., Mr. 

 Shelley, Mr. Thompson 



Lewes Meeting. 

 country meeting of the 

 be held in the week 



of July. 



Fines.- 

 non-exhibition Fines' Committee, 



report to the Council : 



"The Committee hare had laid before them a list of the 

 parties wfco had become liable to fines for the non-exhibition of 

 animals entered for the Windsor Meeting, agreeably with the 

 22d reflation of the Show, printedjbothin the prize-sheet, and 

 on the several certi6catea on which the respective entries 

 had been made. Of these parties, it appeared, 18 had 

 duly paid the fines, and 10 had sent letters of excuse, while 

 the remaining 19 had sent no reply whatever to the circular 

 addressed to them by order of the Council.— The Committee 

 are of opinion, that the payment of these fines should be en- 

 forced, with one exception .only, namely—in favour of Mr. 

 Sharp Spence, who states that his animal died on ttte rail- 

 road, and that 'his servants informed the officers in charge 

 of the show-yard'at Windsor, of the circumstance.— The Com. 

 mittee recommend that the regulation under which these fines 

 are levied, should be amended, with a view of making it more 

 itringent ; and the Committee accordingly beg to submit to the 

 ■consideration of the Council the following new rule for future 

 adoption:— In order to check the non-exhibition of animals 

 which have been entered for the show, thus causing the 

 Society to make; unnecessary preparations and incur unneces- 

 sary expenses ; and also to prevent the show-yard from being 

 disarranged, a fine of 10s. will he levied on each entry of 

 stock which shalKnot be exhibited, unless a certificate, under 

 the hand of the exhibitor or his authorised agent, be lodged 

 with the Secretary of the Society, on or before the day of 

 exhibition, proving to the satisfaction of the. Council, that 

 such non-exbibirion is caused either by the death of the animal 

 o/ animals, by contagious or infectious disease, or by unavoid- 

 able injury, sufficient to prevent such stock from beiDg 

 exhibited. * 



The Report was unanimously adopted by the Council, 

 and directions were given for carrying out its re- 

 commendations. 



The Council decided that the 

 Society at Lewes, in 1852, should 

 commencing Monday the 13th 



Miscellaneous Communications. — Prof. Nesbit's 

 offer to exhibit before the Council, at their weekly 

 meeting, on Wednesday, the 10th of December, a new 

 and simple mode for detecting the adulteration of 

 guano ; and Prof. Way's offer to explain at the same 

 time a mode of effecting the same desirable object, 

 communicated to him by a young Belgian chemist, 

 were accepted with thanks by the Council.— Mr. Parkes, 

 C.E., 'transmitted for each member of the Council, 

 a copy of a work he had just published, contain- 

 ing an exposition of (what he considered to be 

 fallacies in land drainage, especially as propounded by 

 Lord Wharncliffe, in the last Journal of the Society.— 

 Baron Mertens addressed to the President a communi- 

 cation containing suggestions for ascertaining, the 

 conditions of deep ploughing, and an offer to become 

 in part subscriber to a prize for promoting competition 

 in the practical trial of the same.— Chevalier Claussen 

 invited attention to his operations fat Stepney for the 

 manufacture of Flax-cotton fabrics.— Mr. Lawrence 

 addressed to the Council various suggestions connected 

 with the subject of Implement Prizes.— The Council 

 ordered their usual acknowledgements for these com- 

 munications ; and adjourned to their weekly meeting, 

 at 12 o'clock on Wednesday, the 10th inst., at which 

 all members of the Society had the privilege of being 

 present. 



Shaw (London), (Mr, , and urine, if left, lead to disease- and u i* ^ -^ 



that any mode of ventilation that Will carr^ff mV**^ 

 will be a boon. The effects of w ^v.ul* 0It tQe *« 



v »Ponrt 



, . effects of hot stabline a™ » * 



glossy coat a strong disposition to accumulate flesh ° 6fc( * 

 susceptibility of cold, and therefore extr.rl £.' 



_„™„_, v . w«u, ouu mereiore extreme h^"***^ 



jectionable ; but such heat cannot exist if?h e uWv\^ 

 tolerably pure. A warm stable is generally at GO to 65 t ke * 

 in a hot stable it is often 10, 15, or 20 decrees h£i egret, J 

 same quantity of food does more good in I warm* ^ Th « 

 cold stable, and all kinds of horses thrive betE* - than l * * 

 fortably warm stable than in one sensibly cold In 2 * C0la - 

 of nourishment is, therefore, necessary in a cold ^ki 1 '*^ 1 * 

 other words, the horse will eat more food. A certain ; ?» *» 

 blood is requisite to produce heat; if B horse hi ° q ? antu J<* 

 housed, the nutriment which should go to th« * w *nnlj 

 vigour must be expended in the production o °K 

 heat which is constantly passing from the hor**'« , v a Tb * 

 warms, but judicious ventilation will keep it w ^ ,00n 



tar as to produce 



Newcastle, Sept. 6.— Mr. B. Green read a paper on 

 the " Ventilation of Stables." He said :— 



Having made various plans of different arrangements of 

 stables, with and without lofts (I have them with me for the 

 inspection of the meeting), 1 prepared a model of a two-stalled 

 stable, to illustrate the mode of ventilation I advocate, which 

 was shown at the Northumberland Agricultural Society's 

 meeting here, on the 7th August, and is now in the room. It 

 may not be out of place here to say that the great object in 

 view was to house each draught (team ?) in distinct stables, 

 with separate lofts. That their provender, trapping, &c, 

 should be under the control of each farm-servant, as a means 

 of making him alone responsible for the condition of his horses, 

 cleanliness of his stable, and the regulation of the food in 

 regard to quantity ; and by providing the stable with almost 

 a self-acting system of ventilation, to insure a supply of pure 

 air. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, with his usual 

 promptness and consideration, has sanctioned the building of 

 the stables on this principle. Having made calculations of 

 the difference of cost between the stables with the hay houses 

 on a level, and with lofts above, in the range for 10 

 horses, I find it is 352. more for the former than for the 

 latter. My opinion, therefore, is not only as a matter of 

 economy, but by lessening the cubical contents of the stable, 



secured by the loft ; and the air will be sufficiently rarified 

 with having only two horses in one stable ; that foul vapours 

 will not be ailowid to generate, and if they do, I prevent them 

 from penetiating the loft to injure the hay, and in a range of 

 stables open to the roof, with hay houses on the floor, none 

 of these disadvantages are so cheaply or so easily effected. 

 When a stable is cold 1 , the animal has a much greater 



front, and they are only to hold a stone, or a stone and a 



o/ hay ; the space for it being got by hollowing out »n we 



amount of the heat of his body to expend in warming it, and thickness of the wall. The small rack prevents tne poai*- 



taking, on an average, from 1000 to 1100 cubic feet to be hilitv of a quantity of hay lying in It to spoil, and the norseis 



the proper quantity provided for each horse (that his blood 

 may not be unnaturally cooled), I find that a stable of the 

 size indicated by the model, viz. 18 feet deep, and 12 feet 

 6 inches wide, and 9 feet 7 inches high up to the boarding 

 of the loft, contains 2156 feet, which leaves 1078 cube 

 feet for each horse; and a stable of the same dimentiona, 

 without a loft above, has in the roof 802 feet more for the 

 horses to warm, being 431 feet in excels for each animal. Farm 

 stables, however, I propose (merely as a matter of economy) to 



^ Guano. — The Duke of Richmond took that opportu- 

 nity of reporting the favourable progress of the commu- 

 nications into which, at the request of the Council, he 

 had entered with Viscount Palmerston, H.M. Principal . , , M 



<*Ar«rv>tai<v rtf Cto+ti fn. ♦i,~ T?/™„:«« tw~««*™^»,+ ^« +v,« by putting a loft above, that the due amount of warmth, free 



fcecretarj of State for the Foreign Department, for the J £ foul * e „ with the vent ilation I have proposed to adopt,!, 



purpose of effecting a reduction m the price of Guano 



imported into this country. On the motion of Mr. 



Shelley, seconded by Mr. Fisher Hobbs, the cordial 



thanks of the Council were expressed to his Grace for 



the anxious attention he had bestowed on this subject, 



and for the important facts he had communicated to the 



Council, in reference to the deep interest felt by H.M. 



Government on this national question, and the entire 



willingness of the noble Lord at the head of the Foreign 



Department to promote the wishes of the Society, and 



advocate the cause of the English farmer to the utmost 



of his power ; the noble Duke being requested by the 



Council to continue these communications, and act on 



their behalf and that of the Society in such manner 



as he might from time to time find most desirable. 



Foreign Elections.— On the motion of Mr. Fisher 

 Hobbs, seconded by Mr. Raymond Barker, the following 

 resolution was passed, and the by-law of elections ordered 

 to be amended accordingly, namely, « That, in future, 

 every candidate proposed for election into the Society, 

 whose residence is out of the United Kingdom, shall 

 only be elected under the condition that he makes in one 



payment the composition for life in lieu of annual sub- 

 scriptions." 



Standing Committees.— The following standing Com- 

 mittees were appointed for the year 1852 : 



Finance Committee.— Colonel Austen. Mr. Raymond Barker, 

 3ir. H. Blanshard, Mr. Brandretb, Colonel Challoner, Mr. 

 Jonas, Mr. Wilson (Stowiangtoft.) 



House Commvttss.— Past President, Chairman of Finance 



-.mmutee, Mr. Raymond Barker, Mr. Brandreth, Colonel 



Mr SheUey. * BraQdmh «**•, Mr. *. Hobbs, Mr. Kinder, 



f otA P^^"^V?F k <? of Richmond, Lord Braybrooke, 



££ ^fll^™' Ml?Z^T« J**Pm*. Bart.,' 



Mr. 

 unison, M.F., Mr. Hyatt, Mr. M 



Sbelfey, Mr. Thompson, 



CHE 5 ncAt CoMMiTTEE.^Lord Portman, Sir John T. B. 

 Job^tone Bart. M.P Mr. Dyke Acland, Dr. Baubeny. Mr 

 .Ho.kyns, Mr Hudson (Cavle^cre), Rev. A. HmtaWe. Mr. Hyett, 



Thomn ; ' Shaw (London), Mr. Sheridan, ; M. P., Mr. 



Veterinary Committee 



comfortable ; but in no case should a high deWl r'v J 

 be purchased by sacrificing ventilation so far li * ? eat 

 a sensible contamination of the air. The warmS P oce 

 recommended is that in which the thermometer *tnnV 1 ?, a ! ,y 

 The best place for admitting light i 8 at the back St • T' 

 horse, to light the gangway; and where the worfc «r I5 B 

 stable is to be done. In the case of two-stalled «nw«. Vu 

 the model, there is light from each side wall bn t «hh l,* 

 is at the back of the horse. I object altojrethei "to «!J- 

 windows in front of the horse ; it glares his eves and IE* 

 ray of light does not reach that portion of the stank IhfH 

 it is most needed. I will now give yon a aimtatiL £ 

 Youatt :-« Agriculturists should bring to their 8 tabI e /Z 

 common sense which directs them in the usnal concerna 7>f 

 life ; and should begin, when their pleasures and their nro. 

 perty are so much at stake, to assume that autboritv and 

 to enforce that obedience, to the lack of which is to be attri* 

 buted the greater part of bad stable management and horse 

 disease." All authorities, and all parties whom i have heard 

 speak, or believe themselves competent to give an opinion on 

 the subject, have held different views in regard to ventilation 

 Some think the badness of the fittings of the doors and wial 

 dows are sufficient to admit fresh air. Luffer hoards on the 

 roof seem to have gained influence on some. But for my own 

 part, I deprecate both these systems ; and, finally, 1 have never 

 seen two stables ventilated alike, in all the stables that I have 

 seen. I will now proceed to a description of the model. All 

 the walls are intended to be of stone, and the timber foreign. 

 The scale of this model is as near as may be two inches to a 

 foot. I have stated before the general dimensions to he 

 18 feet deep, 12 feet 6 inches wide, and 9 feet 7 inches hizh ; 

 and tbese dimensions I recommend for all racing and riding 

 stables : they should not be less. The stall partitions have 

 iron heel posts rounded going up to the joists, and fixed thereto. 

 This is preferable to stopping them off", and putting on ball 

 iinials or any other finishing. Iron bottom rails are alw 

 intended, and the top rails may be of tick wood, if 

 preferred, but iron may be more advantageously aaed, 

 curved higher up to the head, to prevent the horses 

 touching or smelling each other. The deals are intended 

 to ;be 2} inches, headed and halMapped, to avoid the 

 middle rail, which makes the partition smooth, and prevents 

 the horse scraping his bocks* In the latter named stables 

 this partition should be repeated against the wall. The stalls 

 are intended to slope 1 inch to the yard, and to be well paved. 

 A channel stone is provided behind the horse, with a descent 

 to the grating at one end, and from thence, below it, glazed 

 pipe-drains will be laid to carry the liquid manure away into 

 a tank, or in cases of farm stables where the fold is on the 

 side of the stable, into it, to mix with the solid manure. In 

 farm stables the gangway may be paved also, but mother 

 stables it should be flagged and grooved transversely, but m 

 each case sloped to the channel. The mangers are intended 

 to be only 36 inches long, 12 inches deep, and 12 inches wide, 

 of iron altogether, or with tick- wood rolls, or they may ee 

 made of slate or English marble, like the urinals of railway 

 stations. Iron racks are intended, but with the ruDgsmnctt 

 closer together, and scarcely to lean out at all, or P r ^ ec ^ 



~ _ — .— ,t ^pooner. 



^bnebal Lewes Committee.— Duke of Rtohtr. rt «*i rrv.^;- 

 S!* t fc «*%. (Vice-Chairman,, ^J^^J^l 

 I ortman, Sir Edward C. Derinjr, Bart., SirM \V RiJu 

 Bart., Sir John Y. B. Johnstone, Bart.. M.p" & £ '- UM ^ 



»i£ u ME « T ^^TEE.-Lord Portman, Sir M. W. Kidlpv 



XSa. Mi ^ rftQ<3retS Ii *&** Challoner, Messrs. Eaiton arfd 

 **<*, Mr. <j ar rett, Mr, & Gibbs, Mr. Hamond, Mr. F; Hobbs 



better with an empty rack at times, for he relishes 

 more when it is due to him. The hay I propose to he put 

 down from the loft into the stable, as required, > n » J^* J^J 

 brought down to near the floor, and the *P CTtur * C T ° 9 ?£ 

 with a slot at the bottom, and no foul air can pass up w. 

 The small trap-door for the ladder, double rabbetteainsiae, 

 would be, therefore, the only opening to >the loft, hut ; .w 

 prefer the groom being sent up by a M d * ^,^ff t£ 

 - . . . „ - The man wi 1 then take the hay in the stable, assumm 



be 16 feet deep, 15 feet wide, and feet 7 inoheshigh, being guaging to be, as it ought, kept clean, and put it ™ , 5 



1840 cubic feet, making 920 cubic feet for each animal, which rack, thus preventing the hay.seeds falling on The care 



will make them amply warm, and I propose to ventilate them ••—--■ ** *-— ♦*»* ,rtft - lu 



on the principle of the model. In consulting the authorities I 



have named, I tound they agree, that the effect of several 



horses being shut up in the same stable is to vitiate the air 



and yet, even in the present day there are too many who care- 

 fully close every aperture by which a breath of fresh air can 



possibly gain admission. A very large stable has nothing to 



recommend it but some trifling less expense, by getting many 



stalls in one apartment, rather than in several small stables. 



If the desideratum be, therefore, a cheap, rather than a healthy 



stable, and the builder be the owner of the horses, the large one 



may ultimately be a great loss. $o wonder why so many 



horses catch cold. But by watching the alterations of tem- 

 perature, which occur during the 24 hours, the cause 



is easily discovered, as sometimes 12 horses will be in all 



together ; then two are left to expend their heat and flesh 



in the large vacuum created, and tbese transitions are 



unavoidable, and, indeed, are constantly happening in large 



stables. Neither are they so easily ventilated, if wished. 



They require a loftier roof than is ever given. They are not 



so easily kept in order (seldom at all), as the men leave 



it to each other, in spite of remonstrance. Disease once 



ensuing from the litter usually seen around, contajfion spreads 



rapidly and extensively. Then, again, the rest of a horse is 



disturbed by the .entrance of other horses at intervals. A 



vicious, horse often disturbs his fellows ; a collar may be 



slipped, and the vicious horse enters another stall, kicks, 



bites, and violence ensues, sometimes fatally. These objec- 

 tions are, however, modified in a measure in large farm 



stables, where all the draughts are more out together than 



in other cases ; and this is the reason they have answered 



better, and clearly the cause that they have been longer con- 



tiuued in use, as an established custom, in absence of any- 

 thing else being suggested. Again, the return to a hot stahle 



is as dangerous as the change from a heated atmosphere 



to a cold and biting air. Many a horse has travelled over a 



bleak country and on being put into a hot and foul stable 



has been seized with inflammation and fever. There is 



however, a great difference between hot and foul air'. 



Warmth is congenial to the horse, but it should be pure • 



cold is not so dangerous as foulness. The effect of pure air 



in all animals, as well as human beings, is to purify the 



blood, and to enable it duly to perform its innumerable 



tunctions in circulating through the body. According to 



Lavoisier, 100 measures of pure air contain 73 of nitrogen and 



27 of oxygen. It has been proved that the breathing animal 



consumes the oxygen, and death ensues when the supply falls 



below the demand. Carbonic acid gas is given out from the 



lungs, and impregnates the air, rendering it poisonous. The 



with carbonic acid gas. Acrid vapours, arising from the dung 



head if put down over the manger from the ™ 1 '* u tbe 

 ful groom, by the directions of his master, shouia rv ^ 

 hay up in the loft before putting it down the ™x 



economise the hay seeds. In farm ? tabIe \ fl ^°w V uld 

 double mitring very small doors over the rac * 8 ™ t J d t0 be 

 not be objectionable, as the ventilation is aR^ipaie 

 so complete as not to admit of vapour* being en* ^ 

 at all, and the flooring deals are intended to he V™ J but 

 hoop iron inserted in the joists. No cei hng is /*^ d or iu 

 the underside of joists and flooring will be paim > 

 farm stables done with pitch, which expedients b ^ ht 

 vent any foul air that might arise from P a8 f ngup : n(i io feet* 

 of the loft is 5 feet 6 inches up to the tie , beam, i * tro dnced In 

 inches to the apex of roof. Rough plate-glass u .in ^ fcare 

 the slating, to light it, and the roof, if lower, ouj ^^ fs 

 ventilators. A door with a weather-boaTd ** J, a ^ oT e tne 



provided into the loft to admit the hay, imffi€ ; 11 * 1E the «" °* 

 stable-door, and the stone bead of the latter for" tbe f a rm 

 the former. ———*—--—«<•-* •♦. nan side tori _ w 



stables, to put the manure into tne ioia. _ lu, ^Vfeet 9iocoes. 

 by 2 feet 6 inches, and the stable door is 7 feet ny « cba fi & the 



Another door is provided at oue siu ^ 6 | QC bes 

 stables, to put the manure into the fold._ TMs is^ ^^ 9 inches. 



by 2 feet 6 incfc 



The masonry of doors is all chamfered, to *>««.-_ ckl t0 



are 



horse, if he touch it. Boxes , _ # m 



collect the hay seeds, with openings to remove ^auger^ 



ting dealsin a aloping direction from underneath d or f ore 

 and this also prevents the horse from getting bis , q ^ 

 legs under it, and admits of thefresh air. from tne ^ ^ ^^ 

 of him, passing up between bis head and the wai , 



lag above for the emission of the impure 



air into the 



close 

 and 



lag aoove ior me emission 01 tne i»«f u, °, n nf above, » uu 

 tube, through the loft, to pass off out of the roo ^ ^ide 

 the top is turned down to prevent down dra /"* ipe passes 



openings at both sides of the stahle, 



and the pip| -j iB , 



through, as may be observed, in front of the b ^ ate d on 

 tend it to be of cast-iron, with small n0 J es a [ ffa8e tne air- 

 three-fourths of its diameter only, so as to a forate d tiu 

 Each end of the tube is bell-mouthed, and not y ^ oat8 ^ e 



the circular part commences. The opening s u ^ u a iso 

 have casUron perforated gratings, so that z dQon pro- 

 diffused before entering the tube; and the s m gidet r 

 vided may be closed when the wind is strong at . g n0t at a d 

 they both can be closed together, which, newer ' in a ^over 

 desirable. Ample light is provided by the two ^ m %* 

 the two doors, and these are intended to be gi*j b ano thf 

 plate-glass: but additional light may be provi u gta0 ie, ij 

 glazed window at the same height on each eiae o be foreJn 

 for three or four horses. I have stated my «^ light, to be •£ 

 regard to the best position for bringing m^^ derft tton,^ 

 the hack of the horse ; and, after the utmost co ^ ^ 



air is in the position shown in the mode lm ^ mUgioa of ^ 

 t immediately below the apertures for 



