50 



1851.1 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 





793 



PERUVIAN GUANO. 

 CAUTION TO AGRICULTURISTS.— 



{/ it beinj? notorious that extensive adulterations of this 



u aVUKE are still carried on, 



*^ ANTONY GIBBS AND SONS, AS THE 



ONLY IMPORTERS OF PERUVIAN GUANO, 

 roasider it to be their duty to the Peruvian Government and 

 tothe Public again to recommend Farmers and all others who 

 bat to be carefully on their guard. 



The character of the parties from whom they purchase will 

 *f coarse be the best security, and in addition to particular 

 attention to that point, ANTONY GIBBS and SONS think it 

 we ll to remind buyers that— ^ 



The lowest wholesale price at which sound Peruvian 

 Qwino has been sold by them during the last two years is 

 91 5s. per ton, less 2 £ per cent. 



Any resales made by dealers at a lower price must therefore 

 either leave a loss to them, or the article mn<t b* adulterated. 



HlT LONDON MANURE COMPANY beg to 



offer PERUVIAN GUANO, warranted perfectly genuine ; 

 Superphosphate of Lime, Wheat Manure, Concentrated Urate, 

 Irish Peat Charcoal, Gypsum, Nitrate of Soda, and every arti- 

 ficial Manure, on the best terms. Also a constant supply of 

 Salt for Agricultural Purposes, at a low rate. English and 

 Foreign Linseed Cake, Rape Cake, <fcc. 



Edwabd Pursee, Secretary, Bridge-street, Blackfriars. 



ANURES. — The following Manures are manu- 

 factured at Mr. Lawes's Factory, Deptford Creek : 



Turnip Manure, per ton £7 



Superphosphate of Lime ... 7 



Sulphuric Acid and Coprolites 5 



Office, 69. King William.street, City, London. 

 N.B. Peruvian Guano, guaranteed to contain 16 per cent, of 

 Ammonia, 91. 105. per ton ; and for 5 tons or more, 91. 55. per 

 ton, in dock. Sulphate of ammonia, &c. 



FOSSIL BONES AND PSEUDO-COPROLITES 



(FROM THE SUFFOLK CRAG). 



EDWARD PACKARD and CO., of Ipswich, having 

 erected very powerful Machinery for the purpose of reduc- 

 ing these Phosphatic Nodules to a fine Powder, and being in 

 the immediate locality of where they are found, are now pre- 

 pared to supply them on the most economical terms, in any 

 quantity, either Ground, Whole, or Dissolved in Acid. They 

 form the cheapest source of Phosphate of Lime in the market, 

 and are peculiarly eligible for manufacturing Superphosphate 

 of Lime in conjunction with Bone. 



Prices and every information connected with their use for- 

 warded on application to Edwabd Packard and Co., Artificial 

 Manure Manufacturers, Ipswich, Suffolk. __ 



STEPHENSON and Co., 61, Gracechurch-street, 

 London, and 17, New Park-street, Southwark, Inventors 

 and Manufacturers of the Improved CONICAL and DOUBLE 

 CYLINDRICAL BOILERS, respectfully solicit the attention of 

 scientific Horticulturists to their much Improved method of 

 applying the Tank System to Pineries, Propagating Houses, 

 &c, by which atmospheric heat as well as bottom heat is 

 secured to any required degree, without the aid of pipes or flues. 

 8. and Co. have also to state that at the request of numerous 

 friends they are now making their Boilers of Iron, as well as 

 Copper, by which the cost is reduced. These Boilers, which 

 are now so well known, scarcely require description ; but to 

 those who have not seen them in operation, prospectuses will 

 be forwarded, as well as references of the highest authority ; or 

 they may be seen at most of the Nobility's seats and principal 

 Nurseries throughout the Kingdom. 



S. and Co. beg to inform the Trade that at their Manufactory, 

 17, New Park-street, every article required for the construction 

 of Horticultural Buildings, as well as for heating them, may 

 be obtained upon the most advantageous terms. 



Conservatories, «fcc, of Iron or Wood, erected on the most 

 ornamental designs. Balconies, Palisading, Field and Garden 

 Fences, Wire-work, <fcc. 



TO LANDOWNERS AND AGRICULTURISTS. 



EXTENSIVE DRAINAGE. 



MESSRS. EASTON and AMOS 

 (Consulting Engineers to the Royal Agricultural Society 

 of England), have just erected an 



APPOLD PUMP, at Whittlesea Mere, 

 Which is 20£ times latger than the one exhibited by Mr. Appold 

 at the Crystal Palace, and five times larger than any of 

 the kind yet made. This powerful pump was publicly 

 tried on the 12th of November, in the presence of the landed 

 proprietors and farmers of the county, assisted by several 

 gcientific gentlemen, and at various lifis from 1 to 10 feet. At 

 two to three feet, it raised 101 tons of water per minute (which 

 would cover an acre of land one inch deep) ; and at five feet, it 

 raised 75 tons per minute. — Grove, South wark. 



APRIZEMEDALFOR SUPERIOR LOUK6 WAS AW rt ltutiU 

 TO J. H. BOOBBYER, AT THE GREAT EXHIBITION 

 OF 1851. 



PATENT SPADES, DAISY RAKES, SCYTHES, 

 Draining, and other Garden Tools. Mole Traps, 6s. per 

 dozen. Carpenters and Smiths' Tools, <bc. Ladies' Garden 

 Tools, Is. 9d. a set. Sword-scrapera for Gardens, Is. 2cJ. each. 

 Patent Fumigators for destroying insects on plants, in green- 

 houses, <fcc. : at Messrs. J. II. Boobbyer and Co.'s (late 

 Stubch and Boobbieb), Ironmongery, Brass-foundry, Nail 

 and Tool Warehouse, 14, Stanhope-street, Claremarket, 

 London. Established nearly 200 years for the sale of goods 

 from the best Manufactories at the lowest prices. Goods for- 

 warded to any part on the receipt of remittance. 



PORTLAND CEMENT, as manufactured by J. B. 

 WHITE and SONS, possesses all the properties of the 

 best Roman Cement, but has the advantage over that material 

 of wholly resisting frost. When used a3 a stucco, it does not 

 vegetate or turn green in damp situations, and requires no 

 colouring. Employed as an hydraulic mortar for brickwork, 

 it carries four to five measures of sand to one of cement, and is 

 proved by trial to become harder and stronger in these propor- 

 tions than Roman Cement with but one measure of sand. 

 This superior connecting power, combined with its eminently 

 hydraulic properties, point it out as the fittest material tor 

 building sea and embankment walls, the lining of reservoirs, 

 cisterns, and baths, and for all those purposes where strength 

 and a perfect resistance to water are required. 



Manufacturers— J. B. White and Sons, Millbank-street, 

 Westminster; 11, South Wharf-road, Paddington ; and Earl- 

 street, Blackfriars, London ; and 36, Seel-street, Liverpool. 



ADULTERATION OF FOOD. 



HENRY BAKER, Optician, 90, Hatton Garden, 

 London, begs to call attention to his ACHROMATIC 

 MICROSCOPES (warranted good) which wil' he exchanged if 

 not approved of. These Instruments will define the Circulation 

 of the Blood in the Frog's Foot, the Saw in the Sting of the 

 "Wasp, the Comb in the Spider's Foot, the beautiful form and 

 varieties of Pollen in Flowers and their Structure, the Scales 

 of the Butterfly's Wing, and also in many instances Adultera- 

 tion of Food. It is a very interesting companion, and will pass 

 away usefully many a leisure hour, the fund for observation 

 ■being inexhaustible. Price for No. 1, U. IS* ; No. 2, 51. 15s ; 

 -No. 3, 91. 105. A descriptive Book, sent post free, on receipt ot 

 three postage stamps. Prepared objects, 125. ; injected do., 

 30$. per doaen. 



t FARMERS AND GARDENERS are invited to try 

 ;the NE Wand VALUABLE MAN URF, PEAT CHARCO A T, 



impregnated by pressure with the fertilising matter of the 

 London Sewage, the Ammonia, Phosphates, and Faeces being 

 absorbed, and the water left bright and palatable. Sold at the 

 Charcoal and Sewa/e Works, Stanley Brid<e, Fulham, Middle- 

 sex, at 60*. per ton, 4s. per cwt., and 2s. 64. per hhlf cwt. 



SMITHFIELlTCLUB CATTLE SHOW. 



STAND. No. 164, 



READ'S PATENT FIRE AND GARDEN 

 ENGINES, upon his new patent principle, which, for 

 power, portability, and simplicity of action, surpass anything 

 of the kind hitherto invented. 



PATENT SUBSOIL PULVERISER, PATENT VETERI- 

 NARY INJECTING INSTRUMENTS, IMPKOVED HOLLOW 

 PRO BANGS, for relieving Hoven or Choked Bullocks, Sheep, 

 Calve«, <fcc. 



GARDEN MACHINES;and SYRINGES of every description, 

 manufactured only by 

 RICHARD READ, 35, REGENT-CiRcrs, Piccadilly, London. 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 

 CIRENCESTER. 

 Patron.— His Royal Highness Peince Albeet. 

 President of Council. — Earl Bathurst. 



Vice-President.— Earl Ducie. 

 Principal.— Rev. J. S. Haygarlh, M.A. 



Peofessoev&c. 

 Chemistry.— J. A. C. Voelcker, Ph. 1)., F.C.S, 



Geology, Zoology and Kotany. — James Buckman, F.G.S.,F.L.S. 

 Veterinary Medicine and Surgery. — G. T. Brown, M K C.V.S. 

 Surveying, Civil Engineering, and Mathematics.— W. Sowerby, 



A.IC.E. 

 Manager of Farm.— R. Valentine. 

 A-wistant to Chemical Professor.— A. Williams, M.R.C.S. 



THE NEXT SESSION will begin early in Fef 



roary. Students are admitted either as Boarders or a« Out 

 Students. The annual fees for boarders vary from 45 to 80 

 guineas, according to age and other circumstances. The fee 

 for out-students Is 401. per annum. The College course of 

 lectures and practical instruction is complete in one twelve- 

 month — though for younger students a longer time U recom- 

 mended. There is a department for general as well as for 

 agricultural education. Prospectuses and information can be 

 had on application to the Principal. 



enter into a rotation. 



It would appear that there it 

 evidence of a superior power in the leguminous ii 

 compared with the Graminaceous plants, of obtaining 

 their nitrogen from the atmospliere rather han from 

 the soil ; or it may be supposed that the expenditure 

 of it during the growth of the plant is great* in the 

 one case than in the other. In support of ihe view 

 that leguminous plant- do posses* a superior power 

 of reliance upon the atmosphere for :ieir nitrogen, 

 and, indeed, that it is to this property that they 

 materially owe their efficacy in rotation "with gratis 

 we may refer to the admirable investigations into 

 the chemistry of agriculture of M. Boussingault 

 The rotation usually adopted at Bechelbionn, and 

 throughout the greater part of Alsac* is as follows 

 Beet-root, Wheat (17 bushels), Clover, Wheat 

 (24 bushels)." 



The chemists and agriculturists of this country 

 must know a little more of the philosophy of rota- 

 tions nearer home before they can expect t derive 

 much practical benefit from the agricultural piaft» 

 tices of one of France's faingl d rich* M pro ncea. 

 Hut why does Mr. Lawes not give the retults of hit 



han 



own experiments on leguminous plant*, rath 

 refer to the rotation of Alsace? He expeadg 

 much care in dividing plants into clanies whfch he 

 imagines have less or greater powers of relying on 

 the atmosphere for their nitrogen. x <>w thie ti 

 the case, to a certain extent, when they are grown 

 under the same condit ns, hut this < ference aj>- 



to species as to clasess. In this 



no more admit of 



much 







JJTiie Agricultural ©alette- 



SA TURD A Y, DECEMB ER 13, 1851. 



MEETINGS FOB THE TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 

 Wkdnmsuii, Dec. 17 -Acr.cu.tural Society of England. 

 TuuaiDAT, — 18— Agricultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland. 

 Wbdhisdit, — 24— Agricultural Society of England. 



Before we attempt to apply the meteorological 

 figures which we gave in a former Number, in 

 explaining some of the causes of our varied systems 

 of agriculture, we must first be convinced that these 

 systems are actually required. For this end we shall 

 take a general view of the subject in its broadest fea- 

 tures ; and we think it will appear patent to every 

 one that our chemistry of vegetation must have a little 

 more elasticity in it, if it is to assist us in solving 

 the numerous problems of a practical nature by 

 which we are beset. Mr. Pusey, in the last Number 

 of the Royal Agricultural Journal, is still confident 

 that at present Rothamstead must be considered "as 

 the principal source of trustworthy scientific informa- 

 tion on agricultural chemistry." Now we would say 

 to Mr. Pusey, what we would say to any one else, 

 * If you think you can account for the varied systems 

 of British agriculture by the light of Mr. Lawn 9 

 chemistry, just try it." If our best practical 

 authority is still going to encourage our hard-working 

 and most useful chemists to contentment, with a mere 

 Pisgah-view of the promised land of scientific agri- 

 culture, and is not to direct them when they wander, 

 he may depend upon it that others will go in and 



possess the territory. M p 



We have already given our opinion of Mr. Lawes 

 experiments, and we by no means under-rate his 

 labours — he has done much to consolidate our 

 opinions on many special points. The elaborate 

 experiments of Mr. HANNAMand Mr. Gardner, in the 

 Transactions of the Highland Society, are, however, 

 as valuable for practical purposes, seeing that these 

 were made under less artificial conditions. For on 

 this account Mr. Lawes' figures will by no means 

 bear that rigid application which many imagine. 

 We do not think that Mr. Lawes 1 generalisations on 

 the chemistry of vegetation are an improvement 

 on the broad and deep views of Liebig, nor do we 

 think that Liebig has been quite fairly dealt with 

 on the ammonia question. We say deliberately 

 that Mr. Lawks has actually shown his own expe- 

 riments to be "entirely devoid of value as the 

 foundation for general conclusions. But for special 

 purposes they are exceedingly valuable, His last 

 contribution to the Journal of Agriculture is but an 

 iteration of his former opinions ; but as he draws 

 particular attention to a subject which happens to 

 lie across our path, we make his propositions the 

 basis for better developing the principles which we 

 are endeavouring to trace. And to show that some 

 of the difficulties with which he is struggling are of 

 his own creation, we appeal from the narrow and 

 limited horizon of Rothamstead to that of a much 

 wider experimental field. Mr. Lawes writes : 



" There is another point in connection with the 

 great demand made by the Wheat plant upon 

 nitrogen sullied to the soil, to which we draw 



plies as 



respect the Wheat-plant will 

 being taken as a type of th<» (iraminaceons order, or 

 even <»f the cereals, than the wild Mustard can bt 

 taken as a type of the nitrogen-collecting powers of 

 the Turnip. I it on the other hand, there seems to 

 he no inherent difference between plain* by uhich 



oneclass relies more upon the atmosphere for nitrogen 

 than another. It is to the conditions in which they 

 are or can be grown that we mu*t look, when we 

 would account for their opposite qualities and re- 

 quirements taken in connection with their known 

 habits and functional resources. This at once leads us 

 into the discussion of the circumstances of vegetable 



growth, and the consideration of the specific effects 

 of the excess or deficiency of any of the multifarious 

 elements of grovj^h. 



We shall first consider the widely opposite charac- 

 ters of some of the members of ihe Graminaceous 

 plants and the analogy which some of them bear 

 under certain conditions to the leguminous plants- 



embracing Clover, Beans, Peas &c. 



So far as we can judge from the results Of 

 two very opposite systems, there is reason to be- 

 lieve that the plain of Alsace is as fertile as the 

 "golden vale" of Limerick in Ireland. In the 

 latter, however, there may be a continual succession 

 of Graminaceous plants— some ameliorating and 

 restoring fertility to the soil, while others are 

 scourging, and exhaust it. The i mpto and 

 primitive rotation of Grass! Grass! lira* Oats 

 (50 bushels); Wheat (30 bushels) ; OaU(50 bushels), 

 is much more productive in nitrogenous seeds, than 

 the highly artificial one of Alsace. There is, surely, 

 no evidence here that all the members of the Grami- 



order have less nitrogen in the produce than 



For "the annual expen- 



naceous 



is supplied in the manure, 

 diture of nitrogen is completely replaced by means 

 of the pastures"' (Lwmo.) The Grasses under the 

 skies of Limerick fulfil the office of restoring the 

 nitrogen to the soil which has been spent by their 

 congeners, the cereals, as effectively as the Clovers 

 of Alsace, the Lucerne of Provence, or the Turnips 

 of Norfolk. The granitic soils of Aberdeenshire are 

 comparatively barren, when contrasted with the cal- 

 careous loams of Alsace ; but if the minera condition 

 of soils is favourable in the former (Aberdeenshire), 

 they rapidly enrich themselves under pasturage. 

 But such a system as this never would succeed on 

 a similar class of soils in liourbonnois, where they 

 would probably he abandoned to Broom for some 

 years, to recruit the exhaustion brought about by 

 bearing several miserable cro*a of Rye or Oats In 

 the drier portions of France, it is only in A«™J l «J 

 meadow that the Grasses are such powerful agents 

 in extracting from the atmosphere those elements 

 which sustain animal existence. 



In many parts both of the New and Old World, 

 Wheat is watered like the Grasses with the best 

 results. But while this operation can be successfully 

 carried out even under our cold humid skies, for the 

 Grasses, it can only be practised on^ U ; e V V heat 

 plant where the temperature is hg «-£■* wj* 



De Saussure, Daubeny, and 



I ear dry atmosphere. Kxper ience h» h ther o 

 been against the practice of watering the cereals m 

 France, except in extreme cases of drought In the 

 arid cl mate of Spain, the productive powers of the 

 ana cnnuie m j , * t d i uitswe ll watered 

 K^aThavefonnd that Bitrogen w M really given oh country *ea In- atari? ^ ^ 



during the growth of certain plants ; hut, in aprac- ""'£ V™. vear in the Vegas of Granada. (Isolis.) 







this is 



