Diptera: Nemocera vera, N. anomala and Eremochaeta. 439 



läppcheu) distinct" instead of emi)odia. The same in Loew, Bernstein 

 und Berusteinfauna, pag. 30 at the top. 



The Cecidomijiae, as far as I cau see, have a pulvilliform em- 

 podium (Loew, Dipt. Beitr. lY, p. 16 saj's: Klauen schwach, zwischen 

 ihnen ein Klauenpolster). N. Wagner in his work on Pädogenesis 

 (1862) gives a verj- much magnified figure of the ungues of Miastor 

 with a pulvilliform empodium. The Tipididae, as I have shown in 

 my Monograph, sonietimes have empodia, sometimes not; the same 

 is the case with Ceratopogon (Loew makes the same remark about 

 the Ceratopogons in amber). Li Diamesa I perceive an empodium. 

 Li Tanypus plumipes Fallen I do not perceive anything between the 

 claws of the front legs, and only a rudiment between the bind claws. 

 Cidex has empodia. Felix L. Arribalzaga, in his recent publication 

 on the Cidicidae (Dipterologia argentina, La Plata 1891, p. 11 de- 

 scribes theni as „little pillows, velvety on the underside, which enable 

 the gnat to stand upon the surface of a liquid without drowning." 

 Mochlonyx is represented by Me inert with a very minute empodium 

 (compare the hgure in Overs. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1883). 



The empodia of the Nemocera vera are not always pulvilliform. 

 What Winnertz calls „haarige Pulvillen" of the Ceratopogons and 

 represents on Tab. I, f. 1 and 2 have a peculiar structure and may 

 be an approach to the pectiniform empodium of that singular marine 

 subapterous Chironomid Psama^/iim^/ia pectinataJ)&'bj^ very distinctly 

 figured in Journ. Micr. Soc. 1889, p. 180, Tab. 4, f. 9. The bristle-shaped 

 empodium of i\iQ Asilidae does not occur among the iVemoc^ra. i) 



The Nemocera vera have no tegulae; these organs are merely 

 represented by a rudimentary ligament between the root of the wings 

 and the scutellum. The antitegula is almost always well developed; 

 it is quite large in Cidex, Chironomus and Tanypus. 



i) Schiner, Fauna Austr. 1, p. IX says about empodia and pulvilli: 

 „Es sind in der Regel nur zwei Haftläppchen vorhanden, ist aber das 

 Empodium so stark entwickelt, dass es die Form und Beschaflfenbeit der 

 beiden Haftläppchen erreicht, so sagt man, dass drei Haftläppchen vor- 

 handen seien." In the same sense Loew, Monogr. N. Am. Dipt. I, 

 p. XXIII says: „Besides these appendages (pulvilli) many families have 

 between them a third single appendage of similar structure, which is 

 called empodium; in other families this organ is bristle-like, or 

 altogether wanting. " Is that really so? Is the bristle-like empodium 

 of an Asilus really the homologue of the pulvilliform empodium of 

 Sihio and of the Eremochaeta? Can a bristle be transformed into a 

 pulvillus? It scems to me that the subject requires revision? A. Ockler's 

 (Archiv f, Naturg. 1890; Separatum, p. 33) remarks on this subject are 

 not quite satisfactory. 



