Diptera: Nemocera vera, iV. anomala and J^o^eniochaeta. 463 



which, as Brauer says: „probably reach a spiracle". In the Post- 

 Script to the same article (p. 616) Frauenfeld confirms Brauer's 

 Observation: „ich habe bei der Untersuchung der Larven nur mit 

 „äusserster Mühe im wechselnden Lichte zu beiden Seiten rundliche 

 „Flecken bemerkt, die ich ohne weiteres für Stigmenpunkte erklären 

 „muss. Ob aber dieselben wirklich durchbohrt mit dem Inneren des 

 „Leibes communiciren, oder nur jene Stellen andeuten, die beim voll- 

 „kommenen Thiere diese Function erst übernehmen, möchte ich nicht 

 „bestimmt entscheiden". Such cases may occur quite often and have 

 been overlooked. For instance the aquatic larva of Simulium has 

 been generally figured with little dots on the sides, apparently fore- 

 shadowing lateral Stigmata (compare the figures of Verdat and 

 Meinert, 1. c. Tab. IV, f. 5). 



Postscript. 



A paper by Professor L. C. Mi all and A. R. Hammond recently 

 published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society (Vol. V, Sept. 1892) 

 reached me while my own paper was going through the press. This 

 masterly paper is entitled: „The development of the head of the imago 

 of Chironomus" , and contains some facts which I have foreshadowed 

 in my „Suggestions" (Ent. M. Mag. Febr. 1891), as well as in the 

 present paper, but which, not being a trained zoologist, I could not 

 prove. I am happy to have acquired, in my disagreement with Brauer, 

 such powerful allies. 



Brauer says (Z. K. M. III, p. 7, footnote; also in other places): 

 „Ich nenne den ersten Segmentcomplex nur dann Kopf, wenn derselbe 

 „eine Kapsel darstellt, welche die ersten Ganglien einschliesst. Liegen 

 „die Ganglien hinter dem ersten Complex, so stellt derselbe nur eine 

 „Kieferkapsel dar, die Muskel und den Schlund enthält. Einen wahren 

 „Kopf scheinen nur die Eucephalen Larven zu besitzen." I do not 

 find, in Brauer's writings, any explanation of the method, by means 

 of which he reached this conclusion. Did he dissect the heads of 

 all his so-called eucephalous larvae? If he dissected any of them 

 why does he not give the names of the genera dissected, or not 

 dissected, by him? -- Chironomus, according to Brauer, belongs to 

 the group Eucepliala. MM. Miall and Hammond show, by 

 means of a most careful dissection and beautiful figures (1. c. 

 Tab. 29, fig. 17, 21, 22) that the head of the larva of Chironomus 

 contains no ganglion whatever, and that the first ganglion, oi' brain, is 

 placed in the first thoracic segment. Therefore, in accordance with 



