applied to Public Cemeteries. 147 



hilly, undulating, or otherwise irregular, winding roads become necessary ; but 

 where the surface is tolerably even, whether a uniform slope or a flat 

 approaching to a level, the choice lies between straight lines and curvilinear 

 ones. The direction of the roads and walks, and consequently the whole of 

 the interior arrangement of the cemetery, are thus in a great measure con- 

 trolled by the character of its surface. In general, straight roads and 

 walks are greatly to be preferred in a cemetery to winding ones, not 

 only as admitting of a more economical occupation of the ground, every grave 

 being a rectangle, and every rectangle being a multiple or divisor of every 

 other rectangle, but as contributing far more than curved lines to grandeur 

 and solemnity of effect. If all the roads cannot be made straight, there ought, 

 if possible, to be one broad and straight road from the main entrance to the 

 chapel. A winding road from the main entrance, with the chapel concealed 

 by trees, has too much the character of an approach-road through a park to 

 a country residence. The roads may vary from 12 ft. to 20 ft. in width, 

 according to the extent of the cemetery ; the walks should not be narrower 

 than 5 or 6 feet, nor the green paths than 3 or 4 feet. 



The chapel or chapels ought to be placed in a central and conspicuous situ- 

 ation, so as, if possible, to be seen from all the prominent points of view 

 along the roads and walks. The chapels, if there are more than one, ought 

 either to be grouped together in one conspicuous situation, so as to form one 

 pile of building ; or placed so far apart, or in situations so different, that they 

 either cannot both be seen from the same point, or that, if seen in the same 

 view, the one shall appear to the eye so much smaller than the other as to 

 appear as a part of the background of the picture. The bad effect, in an 

 artistical point of view, of two chapels placed equally near the eye, that 

 is, in the same plane of the picture, and so far apart as not to group together 

 is strikingly exemplified in those of the Norwood Cemetery. At the main 

 entrance there may be a lodge or lodges, in which the sexton or superintend- 

 ant of the ground may reside, and in which also there ought to be an office for 

 the cemetery books and plans, or duplicates of them, and for receiving orders 

 for funerals, &c. One lodge will generally be found preferable to two, because, 

 where lodges are of such a size as to be useful, and are widely separated by 

 spacious gates, they attract attention as separate objects, and do not group 

 together so as to satisfy the eye as a whole. If there are two separate lodges 

 with intervening gates, the lodges ought not to be higher than the piers between 

 the gates ; and they ought to seem rather as massive terminations to the gates 

 than as lodges, in short as a part of the fa9ade. A striking example of the bad 

 effect of two large lodges is afforded by the Nunhead Cemetery. The Abney 

 Park Cemetery shows a judicious combination of two lodges with gates between ; 

 there is a very good single lodge at the west entrance to the Tower Hamlets 

 Cemetery ; and theKehsal Green and West London Cemeteries afford examples 

 of the lodge and gateway combined in one edifice, the gateway forming an arch 

 through it. Where it is considered absolutely necessary to have two lodges, 

 either to a cemetery or to the park of a country residence, they ought to 

 be combined with the piers of the gates, as at the Abney Park Cemetery; 

 formed into one pile of" building with the gateway, as at the West London 

 Cemetery ; or one lodge ought to be much larger and higher than the other, 

 in order to form a central mass or axis of symmetry, or, in Hogarth's language, 

 to form the apex of the triangle. 



A yard and sheds for the cemetery tools, implements, and other cemetery 

 furniture, including a carpenter's shop, may also be conveniently placed near 

 the lodge ; but where the cemetery is large there ought to be two or three 

 sheds for planks, barrows, &c., in different parts of the ground. In most 

 cases a reserve ground for spare earth, produced from time to time as brick 

 graves or vaults are formed, for rubbish of various kinds, and for nursing 

 plants to be placed over the graves when wanted for that purpose, may be 

 requisite. On a large scale, a mason's yard with sheds is essential ; unless, 

 which is much the better mode, there should be an establishment of this kind 



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