Landscape-Gardening applied to Public Cemeteries. 475 



sweet chestnut, containing in the trunk 165 cubic feet, and in the limbs 



101 cubic feet ; in all 266 ft. 



Vmus sylvestris and 'Piniis uncindta one and the same species. — We never 

 had the slightest doubt of this, having often seen both in Scotland and 

 England (in the grounds of Syon House for example) hooked cones, and 

 cones with the scales not hooked, on the same tree. A hooked and plain 

 cone have lately been sent us from a young tree at Hendon Vicarage, by 

 the gardener there, Mr. William Lawrence, a proof, not only that P. sylves- 

 tris and P. uncinata are not diiFerent species, but that they are not even 

 varieties. 



Art. IV. The Principles of Landscape- Gardeninff and of Landscape- 

 Architecture applied to the Laying out of Public Cemeteries and 

 the Improvement of Churchyards ; including Observations on the 

 Working and General Management of Cemeteries and Burial- 

 Grounds. By the Conductor. 



{^Continued from p. 409.) 



VIII. Country Churchyards ; their present State, and Means of 

 Improvement. 



What traveller or tourist is there that does not make the churchyard 

 of the village one of the first scenes which he visits ; and does not re- 

 ceive from it his first impressions of the clergyman, the people, and conse- 

 quently of the general character of the inhabitants ? If such be the effect 

 of a glance at the churchyard on the passing stranger, what must it be on 

 those to whom its image is constantly present, and by whom it is associated 

 with all that is reverential in feeling ? To the local resident poor, un- 

 cultivated by reading, the churchyard is their book of history, their bio- 

 graphy, their instructor in architecture and sculpture, their model of taste, and 

 an important source of moral improvement. Much, therefore, must depend 

 on the manner in which churchyards are laid out, and the state in which they 

 are kept. A country labourer may not have the habits of attention and ob- 

 servation sufficiently developed to derive improvement from the style or taste 

 displayed in the architecture of the church ; but there is not one countryman 

 that does not understand the difference between slovenliness and neatness, 

 between taste and no taste, when applied to walks, grass ground, and gardens. 

 All of them, therefore, may have their taste for neatness and order improved, 

 or their habits of slovenliness confirmed, by the weekly impressions made on 

 them while passing through the churchyard to the church ; and, while their 

 habits of life are thus improvetl or deteriorated, their hearts are softened and 

 ameliorated, or hardened and diseased, by viewing the graves or monuments 

 of their friends and relations neatly kept or utterly neglected, and reflecting 

 that they also must soon take their place among them and be neglected in 

 their turn. The intellectual and moral influence which churchyards are calcu- 

 lated to have on the rural population will not, we think, be disputed. Every 

 person, indeed, who has been brought up in the country must feel this. How 

 far then does the appearance of our churchyards answer the important educa- 

 tional ends which they are calculated to effect ? It will not be denied, we think, 

 that very few of them are kept in a manner to answer the end proposed, and that 

 a very great many are in a state of deplorable neglect. In many cases we find 

 the lawn and pleasure-ground of the clergyman displaying the greatest order 

 and neatness, while his churchyard has no care bestowed on it ; or is perhaps 

 disfigured by the state of the surface, or the want of repair of the surrounding 



