A. Bell — Succession of the Later Tertiaries in Gt. Britain. 71 



Pliocene (Butley horizon 1 ) 130 species which do not pass the 

 barrier, replaced by 160 others; forty to fifty again of these dying 

 out on or before the succeeding minor glaciatiou. Mr. Crosskey points 

 out " that the fossiliferous sands, etc., belong to several ages, the 

 contents indicating several groups, having their own place in the 

 gradual transition from a severety arctic to a more moderate tem- 

 perature." This transition I am trying to illustrate. The .oldest 

 of the Interglacial marine deposits occur in the flanks of the Boulder- 

 clay in Fife and Aberdeen, and, as might be expected, yield 22 extra- 

 British species, of high Arctic types. After these may be grouped 

 such beds as those of Bute and Arran, containing Saxicava Norvegica, 

 and other boreal forms, without or with but a small proportion of 

 more Southern forms, as at Paisley and Dalmeny later on. 



Unless the raised beach at Portland Bill is of this age, there is no 

 Marine deposit in South Britain that can be, so far as I am aware, 

 correlated with this older group of Interglacial deposits ; and the 

 Lower Boulder-clays of Lancashire and the West containing Cytherea 

 Chione are approximated by this shell to a slightly more recent 

 period antecedent to the Middle Lancashire Sands. 



The land fauna of this immediate Post-glacial age in Britain is 

 very limited, the Mammoth, Woolly Rhinoceros, Bos primigenius, 

 and the Beindeer, a new arrival, alone indicating the larger life in 

 the north ; but with the disappearance of the ice in lower lands, 

 immigration began. Traces of such are found in the breccia of Kent's 

 Hole, and the corresponding earth of the Brixham Windmill Caves, 

 in the abundant relics of Cave Bear and the very rare Lion and Fox 

 (White Fox) (1 jaw of each) and, as shown by his implements, Man. 

 The presence of these four Carnivora is indicative of the berbivora, 

 none of which has as yet been found, and Mr. Pengelly would pro- 

 bably be quite right in his argument that Man arrived in Britain 

 before the Cave Hyasna, if he had added " after the Glacial epoch." 

 From all the facts of our present knowledge there seems no escape 

 from making the earliest Primaeval Man (revealed by his works in a 

 Devonshire Cave, for the first time on record), an Old Devonian and 

 a real homo, having nothing to do with the Eocene Ape Man of 

 Thenay, or his Miocene brethren of the Cantal and the Tagus. 2 



1 I have used this horizon as a standard of comparison throughout, because of its 

 accepted freedom from extraneous forms ; and its richness in life offers sufficient ground 

 for such reference. 



2 The evidence of Preglacial Man in England is confined to the Eed Crag, and 

 consists, 1st, of a shell with a supposed human face carved thereon (H. Stopesj ; 2nd, 

 perforations in sharks' teeth (K Charlesworth) ; 3rd, a human jaw deeply stained 

 with iron from Foxhall (Dr. Collyer, Anthrop. Review, 1867, p. 221) ; 4th, a spear- 

 head from a Coprolite heap, locality unknown (E.. J. Mortimer, now in Brit. 

 Mus. ) ; and lastly, a specimen of apparently cut bone in possession of Prof. Prestwich 

 (Nature, vol. xvii. p. 105). Of these the shell is probably like many other "Walton 

 shells fancifully decorticated ; 2nd, the perforations are shown by Prof. Hughes to 

 be due to animal action ; 3rd, the jaw is repudiated by nearly all scientific men as of 

 Preglacial age, although certainly old ; 4th, Mr. Mortimer's implement has been 

 fashioned since the fossilization of the bone. Mr. Prestwich's I have not seen. 

 The absence of Palaeolithic Mammals and Implements in either Scotland or Ireland 

 is strong e\ idence in favour of an equal absence of dry land there. 



