Prof. T. McKehny Hughes — The Ffynon Beuno Caves. 491 



Man in that locality before the close of the Glacial period. Now the 

 evidence is briefly this. This cave was filled with a clayey or 

 sandy deposit, containing bones of the extinct Mammalia and 

 boulders of various material. On excavating this deposit, the other 

 or N.W. mouth of the cave was found to be concealed under a deep 

 deposit of sand and sandy clay full of boulders under which, beyond 

 the overhanging ledge of rock, were fragments of bone similar to 

 those occurring in the cave, and, close to the mouth of the cave, a 

 flint flake was found imbedded in red sandy clay, and associated 

 with the teeth of Ehinoceros, etc. 



Now what are the points ? Was this drift No. 1, or No. 2 A, or 

 No. 2 B, or No. 3, of our classification given above on p. 489 ? 



Certainly not No. 1, as it contains north country granites, etc., 

 which came into that district for the first time with the submergence. 

 Therefore the drift must belong to No. 2 or 3, and these are Post- 

 Glacial. 



We have next to ask whether it is probable that the drift which 

 lies on the bones outside the cave can be the drift laid down in the 

 great Post-Glacial submergence, and the cave-deposits belong to a 

 time anterior to that submergence. Let those accept this view who 

 can imagine that the waves dashing against a precipitous rock ex- 

 posed to the N.W. winds would not have swept such loose debris 

 into the deep fjord below, and swilled out the cave quite clean in 

 every tide. 



I strongly suspect, though I cannot quite prove it, that the mass 

 which overlaps the mouth of the cave belongs to No. 3 drift — I 

 know of no part of the marginal drift at all like it ' and it differs 

 much from any of that seen in the central portion of the Vale. 

 Neither the beds in the cave nor those outside it look like a shore- 

 deposit. 



Again, no notice has been taken of the old fence which runs along 

 the slope up to the precipice, about 20 feet from the entrance to the 

 upper cave, where the flake was found. The soil has accumulated 

 against the upper side of this fence until there is now a drop of eight 

 feet to the level of the ground on the lower side of the fence. This 

 tells of a pretty rapid working down the slope of all the soft surface 

 drift. I think I recognize in some of the stones out of the so-called 

 Glacial drift that blocked the cave the traces of agricultural imple- 

 ments as well as true Glacial striae. Yet no distinction has been 

 made between a newer superficial remanie drift and an older true 

 Clwydian drift. And rightly so I believe ; it is all remanie as far as 

 yet explored. 



Next as to the flake. It occurred in a sandy clay such as would 

 be derived from the wash of the Clwydian drift mixed with the 

 unctuous irony residuum of the decomposed limestone, and not in 

 a regular layer or laminated deposit like that found more commonly 

 in the central portion of the cave. It was found in a kind of hori- 

 zontal fissure after an overhanging corner of limestone had been 

 removed from close above it. Inside of and more especially at the 

 mouth of most caves there is a breccia consisting of angular frag- 



