520 Reports and Proceedings — 



washed in by the sea during the rise of the land. After emergence, 

 and during a comparatively mild interglacial period, bones of animals 

 may have been introduced by rain through fissures in the roof of the 

 cave, and these may have become partly mixed up with the underlying 

 pebbly deposit. 2. Stalagmite, from less than an inch to two feet in 

 thickness, accumulated during a continuance of favourable conditions 

 (apparently absent in Pontnewydd cave). Bones of animals were 

 again brought in by rain or by hyaenas, and were afterwards worked 

 up into the followiug deposit : — 3. Clay, with bones, angular and , 

 subangular fragments of limestone, pebbles of Denbighshire sandstone, 

 felstone, etc. (palaeolithic flint-implements and a human tooth in 

 Pontnewydd cave according to Professor T. M'Kenny Hughes). This 

 clay once filled the Cefn cave nearly to the roof. There are reasons 

 for believing that it was principally introduced through the mouth 

 of the cave, that it is of the same age with the neighbouring upper 

 boulder-clay, and that it is not a freshwater redeposit of that clay. 

 It was probably washed in during a second limited submergence. 4. 

 Loam and coarse sand charged with minute fragments of sea-shells. 

 Portions of this deposit may still be found in the Cefn cave ; and it 

 may have been introduced through fissures in the roof by the sea as 

 the land was finally emerging. 



13. " Geological Notes from the State of New York." By T. G. B. 

 Lloyd, Esq., C.E., F.G.S. 



The substance of this paper comprises notes, accompanied by 

 drawings and sketches of various matters of geological interest which 

 fell under the author's observation whilst residing some years ago in 

 the State of New York. 



The different subjects are divided under the following heads : — 



(1) Groovings and channelings in limestone running across the bed of 

 Black River at Watertown, Jefferson Co. 



(2) Descriptions of the superficial beds of boulder-clay, sand, and 

 gravel which were exposed to view in the district around the village of 

 Theresa during the construction of the Black River and Morristown 

 railroad. 



(3) A description, with a general and detailed drawing to scale, of a 

 remarkable "Giant's Kettle" near Oxbow, in Jefferson Co. It has 

 been excavated out of a mass of Laurentian gneiss-, which now forms 

 a precipitous cliff, about 100 feet above the river Oswegatchie. The 

 kettle is 28 feet in depth, with an average width of about 8 or 9 feet. 

 It presents a striking resemblance in form to some of those occurring 

 near Christiania. 



(4) An account of some peculiar flower-pot- shaped blocks of sand- 

 stone discovered in a quarry of Potsdam sandstone at the village of 

 Theresa. The quarry is situated upon the summit of a narrow gorge, 

 through which the Indian river passes. The bed-rock is a hard, 

 whitish-coloured sandstone, streaked with oxide of iron,, and passes in 

 places into quartzite. The blocks of stone, as extracted by the quarry- 

 men, were shaped like cheeses. One of them measured 2 feet in 

 diameter at the top, and 1 foot 6 inches across the bottom. Their 

 depths varied with the thickness of the beds of rock from which they 

 were extracted. They were coated with a thin crust of oxide of iron. 



