Dr. II. Wood/card — Notes on Elephas gaiiesa. 3'39 



the vertex, is seen to be nearly twice as high as it is deep when 

 measured from the nares to the ocoiput. This brachycephalic 

 character of the skull, producing so elevated and narrow a profile 

 to the head, is greatly accentuated by the addition of the lower jaw 

 to the specimen. 



Continuing his observations on the several specimens referred 

 bj' him to Elephas ganesa, Falconer (on p. 80, op. cit.) describes 

 a vertical section of the last upper molar attributed to an undescribed 

 Indian fossil elephant, named E. ganesa in this work.' " The 

 crown consists of ten principal ridges, with a subordinate 'talon' 

 ridge in front and behind. The anterior seven ridges have their 

 summits worn, the two in front being ground down to the common 

 base of ivory, the tooth having been a considerable time in use. 



" The disposition and relative propoi'tions of the ivor^'-, enamel, and 

 cement bear the closest resemblance to those of the corresponding 

 tooth of E. insignis" (op. cit., pi. iv, fig. 1), "and the number of 

 ridges agrees " (see also op. cit., vol. i, p. 424). Dr. Falconer adds : 

 " Notwithstanding that the molars agree so closely, the crania 

 are remarkably different in the two forms ; that of E. insignis is 

 singularly modified, being much compressed on the vertex, so as 

 to bear an analogy to the cranium of Dinothermm giganteum ; while 

 the head of E. ganesa does not differ much from the ordinary type 

 of elephant." 



The following description of the large skull of Elephas ganesa 

 from the Sewalik Hills, presented by Colonel Baker to the British 

 Museum, is taken from Falconer's " Pal. Memoirs," vol. i, p. 453, 

 being the explanation of pi. xxi of Falconer & Cautley's "Fauna 

 Antiq. Sival." (issued without text) : " Large skull with left incisive 

 in situ, and fragment of right incisive detached. The incisive 

 alveoli are remarkably elongated, as in ^. primi genius. The plane 

 of the incisives is continuous with that of the frontal, but with 

 a tendency to obliquity forwards. The skull is very imperfect on 

 the right side. PI. xxi gives a front view one-fifth of the natural 

 size, and pi. xxii, figs. 1 and 2, gives a lateral and palatal view of 

 the same skidl." 



The dimensions are as follows (op. cit., p. 454) : — Length of 

 cranium from occipital protuberance to the end of the incisive left 

 side (4 feet exactly), 48 in. From occipital condyles to left side, 

 39 in. From occipital condyles to anterior border of molar alveolus, 

 25- 5 in. Vertical height from condyles to sinciput, 24-5 in. Diameter 

 across the occipital condyles, 9*2 in. Antero-posterior diameter of 

 left condyle, 5*1 in. Transverse diameter of right condyle, 3'85 in. 

 Transverse diameter of occipital foramen, 3 in. Antero-posterior 

 diameter of occipital foramen, 3'1 in. From the surface occipital 

 bulge plane to the anterior entire margin of naso-maxillary sinus, 

 19-1 in. Semi-diameter of widest part of occipital (making total 

 of occiput 29-2 in.), 14-6 in. Semi-diameter (transverse) of naso- 

 maxillary sinus (entire diameter :-estored estimated 16 in.), 7-9 in. 



1 "Pal. Mem.," vol. i, p. 80, pi. vi, fig. 1 ; or " Fauna Autiq. Sival.," pi. iii, 

 tig. la. Length of tooth, 9-2.5 inches. 



