CLIMATOLOGY. 91 



Many of the western peaks reach into the Upper Zone but 

 nowhere does it include a continuous area of even moderate 

 extent. Between the Tees and the Lune it can claim the ridge 

 from Cronkley Fell westward. Between Arkengarthdale and 

 Swaledale Water Crag, Rogan'sSeat and Pin Seat reach it. Round 

 the head of the Swale a crescent ridge rises into it which ex- 

 tends from Raven Seat Moor round the head of Whitsundale 

 and Swaledale to Ladies' Pillar, six principal peaks connected 

 together by a narrow neck of elevated land. Between Swale- 

 dale and Wensleydale it includes the summits of Yore Head, 

 Shunnor Fell, and Lovely Seat, with a spur from this last to- 

 wards the east. West of Widdale it includes a ridge about three 

 miles in length and at the head of the dale Wold Fell just 

 reaches it. South of Wensleydale it embraces a long narrow 

 ridge from the head of Widdale eastward to the head of Bishop- 

 dale, with lateral spurs between each of the dales towards the 

 north and a northern outlier in Bear's Head. x'Vnd lastly it in- 

 cludes a ridge between Coverdale and Colsterdale, of which 

 Buckden Pike and Great Whernside are the peaks, with a 

 northern outlier which stands boldly out towards the main dale 

 in Penhill. 



Probably we shall not be far wrong if we estimate that the 

 Upper Zone includes altogether some 20 square miles or about 

 one per cent, of the whole surface of North Yorkshire : the 

 Middle Zone about one-fourth or one-fifth of it : and the Lower 

 Zone the remaining portion or about three-fourths of the whole. 



Characteristics of the Zones of Altitude. — There is a scar of the 

 Main Limestone upon the western edge of Mickle Fell at an 

 elevation of from 750 to 800 yards above the sea-level, and 

 upon its summit ridge at an elevation of 800 yards and upwards 

 a number of rocky ' swallow holes ' in the recesses of which 

 grow a few ferns and other shade- or damp-loving plants. There 

 is a sort of limestone pavement like that of Craven, but upon 

 a much less extensive scale, which rises into tlie Upper Zone 

 upon Widdale Fell and Cam Fell, and this is also the case with 



June issa. 



