CiRC No. 87, 

 at 1-30, under the leadership of Mr. J. G. Goodchild, to cross the 

 moor into Swaledale by way of Oxnop Pass, Muker, Thwaite, and 

 Angram, to Keld. The leader will point out the chief geological 

 features en route, and members will be conducted to their respective 

 destinations. Distances from Askrigg : — To Muker, 5 miles ; to 

 Gunnerside, 6 miles ; to Thwaite, 6 miles ; to Keld, 8 miles. 



Members unable to reach Askrigg before 5-23 and 6-42 p.m., are requested to 

 advise the Secretaries in order that arrangements may be made for guides to conduct 

 them over the moor. 



Conveyance of Luggage. — Members requiring more luggage than they can 

 conveniently carry personally are requested to advise the Secretaries, in order that 

 arrangements may be made lor its transportation. The cost to be defrayed by the 

 members requiring it. 



Monday, August 4th. — The geologists will devote the forenoon 

 to the examination of Kisdon, under Mr. J. G. Goodchild, while the 

 naturalists are recommended to investigate the scars, hill-slopes 

 and sheltered woods below Keld and about Kisdon Force. 



At twelve noon the General Meeting will be held at Muker. 



At the conclusion of the General Meeting the party will start for 

 Hawes, via the Buttertubs Pass, under the leadership of Mr. J. G. 

 Goodchild. Ropes will be provided, for such members as may wish 

 to explore the Buttertubs more thoroughly. 



* It is hoped that Members who can afford the time will devote another day or 

 two to the investigation of the district. 



Books and Maps. 



The whole district is included in Sheet 40 (formerly 97 N.W.) One-Inch 

 Ordnance Map, which (although surveyed) has not yet been published geologically 

 coloured. The Botany is treated of in Baker's North Yorkshire, 1863, and second 

 edition, 1887 (see Trans. Y.N. U., part 13, pp. 145 — 148) ; the Mosses by Richd. 

 Barnes (Nat., July 1890, pp. 211 — 222) ; the Birds by J. E. Tinkler (Zool., April 

 and May 1884, pp. 131 — 139 and 196) ; the Mollusca by W. Denison Roebuck 

 (Nat., Aug. 1890); the Geology by John Phillips, in his classical works on the 

 'Mountain Limestone,' and on the 'Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire.' 

 Routh's 'Rambles in Swaledale' (1880) has a chapter on Geology; Rev. R. V. 

 Taylor, B.A., has printed notes on the rarer plants (' Darlington and Stockton 

 Times '); and Miss M. Flues includes many Swaledale notes in her various botani- 

 cal works. A book on ' Birds and Birds' Nests,' just published by Cassell & Co., 

 is by R. Kearton, formerly an inhabitant of Muker. 



Physical Geography and Geology. 



Mr.J.G. Goodchild, F.G.S., states that Upper Swaledale is situated 

 in the northern portion of the great upland tract lying on the eastern 

 side of the angle formed by the conjoined Craven Fault, and the 

 Barbon-Kirkby-Stephen branch of the Pennine Fault. The general 

 summit level of the massif is now more than 2300 feet above the 

 sea, from which elevation the surface declines in one direction 

 towards the valley of the Tees, and in another direction towards 

 the Vale of York. The western boundary of Swaledale coincides with 

 the central watershed of northern England, and from this, towards the 

 west, the fell side descends rapidly towards the fertile lowlands of 

 north-east Westmorland. 



Swaledaleconsists exclusively of carboniferousrocks, which are gently 

 inclined on the whole, towards the north-east, although faults and local 

 disturbances of the stratacombine to render this larger feature somewhat 

 obscure. The strata are mostly the Yoredale rocks, which form thegreater 

 part of the more striking natural features. These rocks consist of alterna- 

 tions of beds of marine limestone, sandstone, shale, coal, and, near 

 their higher portion, of peculiar siliceous beds, now proved to be of 

 organic origin. The general thickness of the Yoredale rocks is about 



