118 Palceontology of Asia Minor. 



among the species are : — Homalonotiis Gervillei, BhyncTionella Gtieran- 

 yeri, Spirifer macropterus, S. svhspinosus, S. Davousti, OrfJiis orbicularis, 

 Ghonetes sarcinulata, G. JBoblayei, and Pleurodictyum problematicum 

 Two species, Orthis Gervilliei and Tentaculites ornatus, are Silurian 

 forms. 



In tlie South, the presence of Bhynchonella boloniensis. Spirifer 

 ArcMaci, S. Seminoi, Ghonetes nana, and Productus subacideatus, would 

 seem to indicate rocks of Upper Devonian age. 



Of the 49 Devonian species, 37 are found in the rocks of the 

 North, and 21 in those of the South. 



Carbonifekous. — The Carboniferous, like the Devonian formation, 

 is developed in two widely distant localities, each of which presents 

 a distinct horizon. 



In Anti-Taurus (E.), have been found Productus semi-reticulatus, 

 P. Flemingii, and Spirifer ovalis, Avhich, though a very scanty fauna, 

 suggests the representative of the Carboniferous Limestone ; and on 

 the shore of the Black Sea, in Paphlagonia, are coal- strata, which 

 have yielded Lepidodendron caudattim, Sigillaria Gandollei, S. Schlo- 

 theimii, Stigmaria ficoides, Galamites SucJcovii, and G. dubius. 



Jurassic. — Four species of Ammonites (A. tortisulcatus, arduen- 

 nensis, plicatilis, and tatricus), discovered in the grey limestones of 

 G-alatia, seem to indicate an extension of the Oxford-Clay horizon, 

 which is one of the most constant of the Jurassic formations. 



Cretaceous. — Yellow limestone, in the Province of Pont, with 

 Orbitoides, Pecten quadricostatus, Exogyra Pyrenaica, Ostrea vesicularis, 

 0. larva, and Otostoma, represent the Upper Chalk of the West of 

 Europe, and their identity, both zoologically and lithologically, with 

 beds in the same parallel at the foot of the Pyrenees, is remarkable. 

 White limestones, in Bithynia, with Inoceramus Lamarcldi, AnancJiytes 

 ovata, and Terebratula semiglobosa, represent the white Chalk, The 

 presence of Budistes denotes the constancy of that zone. 



Tertiary. — Lower Tertiary. — The white and grey limestones of 

 Thracia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia have furnished 164 species of 

 Invertebrata, of which nearly half have also been found in the Lower 

 Tertiary Deposits of Western Europe, and intermediate points. 



A Crustacean (^Banina TchihatcJieffi) represents a type constant at 

 this level in Europe, and probably also in Egypt and in India, as well 

 as in the West Indies. Two large species of GeritJdum are met with, 

 but no small specimens. The absence of species of Fusus with pro- 

 longed canals, of Pleurotoma, Turritella, Buccinum, Murex, and the 

 rarity of Voluta and Mitra, are noteworthy facts. The principal 

 gasteropods are TereheUum, Ovula, Natica, Sigaretus, Hipponyx, and 

 Phasianella. 



The bivalves constitute a striking analogy with those of Europe. 



Bryozoa are extremely rare ; Echinodermata less so ; a few species 

 of Corals have been met with at some localities. 



Thirty-eight species of Ehizopods occur, one only of which {Num- 

 mulites Viquesneli) is peculiar ; 25 species of this genus have been 

 found. 



Middle Tertiary. — Deposits of this age occur on the borders of the 



